0851996884.pdf

published on a regular basis in the IPM
Practitioner(Anon., 2000) and on the web
(e.g. http://www.koppert.nl, http://www.biobest.be etc.).
Fewer than 30 beneficial species make up
90% of the total sales (Table 11.2; van
Lenteren, 1997; Bolckmans, 1999). Extensive
reviews of the availability of commercially
produced biological control agents were not
compiled until the mid-1990s, although some

data are given in van Lenteren and Woets

(1988). Cranshaw et al.(1996) correctly state

that such information is essential for making

calculations on the cost-effectiveness of using

such biological control organisms. Cranshaw

et al.(1996) reviewed the 1994 pricing and

marketing by suppliers of organisms for bio-

logical control of arthropods in the USA. The

same was done for Europe (van Lenteren et

Commercial Availability of Biocontrol Agents 171

Table 11.2.Most commonly used biological control organisms in Europe and North America, and life
stage in which the organism is shipped from producer.

Biological control organism Used in Species life stage
shipped

Amblyseius degenerans Europe Mixed life stages
Aphelinus abdominalis Europe Adult
Aphidius colemani Europe Pupa
Aphidius ervi Europe Pupa
Aphidoletes aphidimyza Europe + America Pupa
Aphytis melinus America + Europe Adult
Chrysoperla carnea andChrysoperla rufilibris America + Europe Eggs, larvae, adults
or mixed
Cryptoleamus montrouzieri America + Europe Adult
Dacnusa sibirica Europe Adult
Delphastus pusillus Europe Adult
Diglyphus isea Europe Adult
Encarsia formosa Europe + America Pupa
Eretmocerus californicus America + Europe Pupa
Eretmocerus mundus Europe Pupa
Galendromus occidentalis America Mixed life stages
Harmonia axyridis Europe Adult
Heterohabditis megides Europe Juveniles
Hippodamia convergens America + Europe Adult
Hypoaspis aculeifer Europe Mixed life stages
Hypoaspis miles Europe Mixed life stages
Leptomastix abnormis Europe Adult
Leptomastix dactylopii Europe Adult
Leptomastix epona Europe Adult
Macrolophus caliginosus Europe Adult
Mesoseiulus longipes America Mixed life stages
Metaphycus helvolus America + Europe Adult
Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) californicus Europe + America Mixed life stages
Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) cucumeris Europe + America Mixed life stages
Orius insidiosus America Adult
Orius laevigatus Europe Adult
Orius majusculus Europe Adult
Phytoseiulus persimilis Europe + America Mixed life stages
Steinernema carpocapsae America Juveniles
Steinernema feltiae Europe + America Juveniles
Trichogramma brassicae Europe Parasitized host egg
Trichogramma evanescens America + Europe Parasitized host egg
Trichogramma spp. America + Europe Parasitized host egg
Fly parasitoids America + Europe Pupa