Dacnusa sibirica4, 168, 171, 172, 186, 187, 268, 283
Dastarcus helophoroides 119
Delphastus pusillus4, 168, 171, 174, 214
Diapetimorpha introita117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124
Dicyphus spp. 122, 169, 214, 268, 284
D. hesperus 284
D. tamaninii122, 169
Diglyphus isea 4, 169, 171, 172, 183, 184, 186, 187, 268,
285
Doratomyces putridinis 156
Drosophila27, 33
EC (European Commission) and EU (European
Union) 193, 194, 197, 200, 201, 216, 267
Edovum puttleri 117
Encarsiaspp. 2, 4, 5, 94, 97, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105,
136, 137, 150, 154, 169, 171, 172–173,
177–178, 183, 184–185, 186, 187, 194, 212,
213, 214, 218, 220, 268, 270–272, 286–287,
312
E. berlesi 97, 104, 172–173, 184–185
E. clypealis97, 103
E. formosa2, 4, 5, 94, 95, 97, 100, 104, 105, 150,
151, 154, 169, 171, 172–173, 177–178,
183, 184–185, 186, 212, 213, 214, 218,
220, 268, 270–272, 286–287, 312
E. meritoria97, 150
E. opulenta 97, 103
E.nr. pergandiella97, 150
E. perniciosa 97, 102, 103, 105
E. smithi97, 103, 136
Enterobacterspp. 135, 147, 153
E. agglomerans 147
E. cloacae 153
E. taylorae 147
Entomophtera apiculata 143
Ephestia kuehniella119, 121, 122, 184, 236, 240, 241,
266–267, 272, 284, 291, 294, 296, 300, 301,
302
Epilachna varivestis 153
EPPO (European Plant Protection Organization)
194
Eretmocerusspp. 4, 97, 104, 150, 151, 169, 171, 173,
186, 194, 214, 218, 220, 268, 287–289
E. californicus169, 173
E. eremicus 4, 214, 218, 220, 268, 287–288
E. mundus4, 97, 151, 169, 171, 173, 186, 268,
288–289
E. staufferi97, 150
Erynia neoaphidis 149
Escherichia coli91, 147
Eugregarines 137
Euseius (Amblyseius)citrofolius 141
Exeristes roborator32, 124
Exochomus quadripustulatus 145
Exorista larvarum117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123
Experience seenatural enemies, foraging behaviourFAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the
United Nations) 194
Fomus annosus 248
Food seenutrition of natural enemies
Foraging behaviour of natural enemies seenatural
enemies
Frankliniella occidentalis141, 174
Fruit flies 76–79, 81, 82, 83, 84Galendromus (Metaseiulus)occidentalis171, 175, 214
Galleria mellonella117, 119, 120, 123, 125
Genetics and mass production 8–12, 26, 51, 52,
73–84, 89–91, 100–101, 125–126, 219, 236
adaptation to (artificial) laboratory rearing 73,
125–126
adaptive genetic plasticity 74
adaptive recovery after fitness reduction 89–91
role of population size in adaptive
recovery 89–91
artificial selection in laboratory 11, 51
back mutations 91
colony founding 9, 79–80, 219
crashes in laboratory populations 80
number of source populations to use 80,
219
size of founder population 9, 80, 219
colony improvement 79, 82–83
selective breeding and genetic
engineering 82–83
variable rearing conditions 82
colony maintenance 79, 80–81, 84
maintain inbred lines 80–81, 84
number of inbred (isofemale) lines to be
maintained 84
maintain large populations 80
provide variable and diverse rearing
conditions 81
recapture and reintroduce released
individuals 81
colony replacement 79, 81–82, 219
rejuvenation with wild individuals 81, 219
replace old with new population 81
hybridize wild with laboratory
individuals 82
compensatory mutations 90, 91
deleterious mutations 89–91
deleterious mutations, bottlenecks and
biological control 91
fixation of deleterious mutations due to
genetic drift 89, 91
genetic drift and deleterious mutations
89, 91
DNA genome mutations, rate of 89Index 317