adult experience and change in foraging
28, 124
associative learning and biological
control 48, 49, 50
associative learning, definition of 26
associative learning of food-related cues
67
associative learning of host-derived
stimuli 29
associative learning in parasitoids 44,
53–54
change in behaviour as result of mass
rearing 48
close-range foraging of natural enemy
49–50
close-range foraging, variation in 50
erratic performance of natural enemies
41
food deprivation and reduced host
searching 61, 67
foraging sequence of natural enemies 49
host recognition and host acceptance
243
host searching of artificially reared
natural enemies 125
host searching, chemical stimuli 49
host searching, direct cues 50
host searching, indirect cues 50
host searching versus food foraging 66
host-size measurement and
reproduction byTrichogramma
237
improved fitness as result of plant-
derived food 60
improvement of efficient host searching
of natural enemy 53
effect of learning on foraging behaviour
26
efficient host searching 53
feeding status and host foraging 61, 67
food and increase of effectiveness of
natural enemies 67
kairomone and host searching 53
learning, definition of 26
learning and change in response levels
28
learning in generalist natural enemies
35
learning in natural enemies 26, 28, 35,
196
learning of odours, colours and shapes
28–29
learning in specialist natural enemies 35
long-range foraging and learning 50
long-range foraging of natural enemy
49–50, 53
long-range foraging, variation in 49–50
models of factors determining foraging
behaviour 46–48
physiological state, influence on
foraging behaviour 48
plant–natural enemy mutualism 62
plant–pollinator mutualism 61–62
post-release migration behaviour and
performance 35
preadult experience and change in
foraging 28
preimaginal conditioning and artificial
rearing 124
response to environmetal stimuli 26–27
response potential of natural enemies
46–48
retention of natural enemy in target area
53
safeguarding of plants by natural
enemies 62
semiochemicals and arrestment of
natural enemies 53
semiochemicals and attraction of natural
enemies 53
semiochemicals and foraging behaviour
53
semiochemicals and improved host
finding 53
trade-off between feeding and
reproduction 65–66
variability in response to stimuli 27–28
variable-response model for foraging
behaviour 29–35
generalist natural enemies and non-target
risks 197–198, 201
genetic variation seegenetics and mass
production
heteronomous hyperparasitism and
biological control 105
host/prey range of natural enemy,
determination of 196–198
host/prey range, sequential testing
scheme 197–198
host quality, acceptance and oviposition
241–243
improvement of effectiveness by learning in
artificially rearing 124
intraguild predation 199
koinobiontic parasitioids, definition 118
mass production schemes 184–185
most important natural enemy species mass
reared 4
native natural enemies in biological control
192, 202
number of species used / commercially
available 1, 3, 167
obligate autoparasitoids, definition 150
optimal quality of natural enemy 219, 223Index 321