Mass production of natural enemies continued
nutrition of mass produced natural enemies
59–67, 167
obstacles in mass production 11
optimizing mass rearing, genetics 74
packaging and shipment of natural enemies
185–187, 221
pathogen infections of natural enemies 12,
220, 133–158
producers of natural enemies 167
quality of artificially reared natural enemies
115–127
quality of laboratory population, genetics 73
rearing on natural host, host plant 14
reduced vigour of natural enemies 12
release of natural enemies 186–188
dosage, distribution and frequency of
releases 188
methods of release 186, 187–188
moment of release 188
stage of release 186–187
replacement of laboratory population 79
sanitation and screening for diseases 157
shelf-life of microbial biocontrol agents
252–253, 259
statistical methods, mass production and
quality control 305–314
storage of natural enemies 183–185, 186, 221,
249, 266
advantages of long-term storage 186
diapause and long-term storage
184–185
long-term storage of arthropod natural
enemies 184–185, 266
long-term storage of fungal biocontrol
agents 249
short-term storage of arthropod natural
enemies 183–184
superparasitism and mass rearing 12
trade-off laboratory rearing and field
performance, genetics 73
trade-off between quantity and quality of
natural enemies 74–75, 78, 84
unisexual wasps in mass production 100–101
unpredictable behaviour of natural enemies
and mass production 35
use of larger hosts to improve fitness 240
wasp size and fitness 237–240
see alsogenetics and mass production
Menochilus sexmaculatus 144
Mesoseiulus longipes171, 175
Metaphycus sp. 119, 169, 171, 173, 234
M. helvolus169, 171, 173, 234
Metaseiulus occidentalis 136, 140, 169
Metharhizium anisopliae 138, 148, 156, 252–253
Microctonus hyperodae96, 104
Microplitisspp. 28, 33, 52, 53–54
M. croceipes, 52, 53–54
M. demolitor28, 33
Microsporidia 137
Microsporidium phytoseiuli 142
Muscidifuraxspp. 96, 100, 136, 137, 148, 149, 137,
151, 152, 154, 169, 173
M. raptor151, 152
M. uniraptor96, 100, 151, 154
Myrrha octodecimguttata145–146
Myzus persicae143, 172, 275, 279, 281Nasoniaspp. 136, 148, 151, 152–153, 169, 173
N. giraulti 152
N. longicornis 152
N. vitripennis 152
Natural enemies 1, 3, 4, 12–14, 25–35, 41–54,
59–67, 93–106, 115–127, 133–158, 167–178,
182–183, 192, 196–198, 199, 201, 202, 220,
236–237, 237–238, 241–243
artificial rearing of natural enemies 115–127
behavioural variation 12–14, 41–54
causes for variation in behaviour 41
effect of learning on natural enemy
behaviour 35
effect of variation in behaviour on
biocontrol 41, 54
interspecific variation in behaviour 42
interspecific variation, effect on
biological control 42
intraspecific variation in behaviour 42
intraspecific variation, genetically fixed
differences 43, 45, 46–48, 50, 54
intraspecific variation, genetic diversity
46
intraspecific variation, phenotypic
plasticity 43–49, 52, 54
intraspecific variation, physiological
state 44, 46–49, 52, 54
managing behavioural variation 13
managing environment to maximize
performance 53–54
managing genetic qualities 13
managing intrinsic variation of natural
enemies and biological control
51
managing phenotypic qualities 13
managing physical and physiological
qualities 13
sources of intraspecific variation in
behaviour 43–47
commercial availability of natural enemies
167–178
disease transmission by natural enemies 220
entomopathogenic bacteria, fungi, nematodes
and viruses 176
foraging behaviour of natural enemies 25–35,
41–54, 59–67, 124–125320 Index