edge effects, 422
edge species, 449
education, 352, 355, 369, 373, 375
about pesticide application, 403
at the community level, 377-378
by Monteverde Cloud Forest
Preserve, 360
by Monteverde Conservation
League, 364-365
in public and private schools, 370-
372
at Santa Elena High School Cloud
Forest Reserve, 368
Education Abroad Program, 225
Egretta caerulea (Cattle Egret), 395
Eira barbara (Tayra), 233
El Buen Amigo cooperative, 366
Elephant Ear. See Xanthosoma
robustum
Eleutherodactylus angelicus (Tilaran
Rain Frog), 161
Eleutherodactylus bransfordii
(Bransford's Litter Frog), 167
Eleutherodactylus diastema
(Common Dink Frog), 158
elevation. See altitude
elfin forest, 45, 70, 90
ontogeny of stature, 304-308
El Nino, 231
affect on phenological patterns, 65
response of frogs to, 166
embryo mortality, in amphibians,
161, 164-165, 173
Emerald Toucanet. See
Aulacorhynchus prasinus
employment
ecotourism as a source of, 355, 376
by Monteverde Cloud Forest
Preserve, 359
seasonal, 400, 401
endemism, 420
of amphibians and reptiles, 156,
157t
of bees, 138
of plants, 50, 52t, 61
Endomychidae, 107
energy consumption, in
hummingbirds, 199
Enlace Verde Project, 381-382
environmental awareness, 371
environmental regulations, 405
Ephemeroptera, 96
epipedon, 27
epiphylls, 57, 80
epiphytes, 41, 43, 50, 53-54, 54-57,
72-73, 312, 321
amphibians and reptiles associated
with, 168-169
bryophytes as, 79
death of, 334
evolution of, 75-78
families of, 519-522
as food resources for birds, 188
longevity of fallen, 344-345
mycorrhizae of, 338-339
nutrient retention by, 332, 341
pollination of, 247, 252, 267-268
as refuges for spiders, 140-141
seed dispersal, 258
soils associated with, 34
species in different cloud forests, 68
trees growing as, 70
water storage in, 76
epiphytic matter, 333f, 334
biomass of, 321-322, 332
microbes in, 336
Eremolepidaceae, 57, 81
Ericaceae, 50, 58, 73, 253, 345
mycorrhizae associated with, 60
pollination by hummingbirds, 267-
268
erosion, 22, 23, 32-33, 365, 396, 411,
425f
and farming, 394-395, 399, 402, 414
reduction by windbreaks, 397
escape hypothesis, 256
Estacion Biologica, 90
ethnobotany, 452
Eumolpinae, 116
Euphonia
clutch sizes, 191-192
foraging behavior, 186, 188
seed dispersal of mistletoes, 289
Euphorbiaceae, 317
Eurypyga helias (Sunbittern), 193
eusociality, in hymenopterans, 125
eutrophication, 446
evapotranspiration, 8, 29, 30-31
evolutionary divergence, 254
experimental design, 429
exploitation, 245
Explorers Club, 358
exports, 401
extinction, 167, 428
birds at risk of, 202
evaluating, 157, 422, 423
local, 420, 428
of rare species, 421Fabaceae, 42, 49, 253
flowering and fruiting patterns, 66
pollination of, 248
seeds of bull's eye, 72
Fagaceae, 253
falcons, 186, 196
Family Life Program, 370
farming. See agriculture; beef
production; dairy production
faults, 21, 22
feeding behavior. See also foraging
of beetles, 110, 112, 114, 116
of heteropterans, 99
of homopterans, 100
of lepidopterans, 119, 120
feeding mechanisms, of aquatic
insects, 96
feeds, 396, 400
Felis concolor (Mountain Lion), 224
Felis pardalis (Ocelot), 234
Felis wiedii (Margay), nest predation
by, 229
fenceposts, 397, 398fferns, 45, 53, 60, 89, 191
resources for identification, 64
species in different cloud forests, 68
fertility, in birds, 196, 198
fertilization, soil, 400
fertilizers, 411
management, 396
use in coffee production, 402
Ficus. See figs
Fieldiana series, 64
field stations, 90, 431
figs, 271-273, 444
strangler, 71-72, 73
fig wasps, 111
fire ants, 134
First World Congress of Herpetology,
172
fitness, in birds, 191
flea beetles, 116
fleas, 229
fledging, 194-195, 208
Fleischmann's Glass Frog. See
Hyalinobatrachium
fleischmanni
flies, 122-124. See also specific types
of flies
and floral sex, 278-279
migration of, 438
flight, of wood nymphs, 119
floaters, 207
flocks, mixed species, 184-186, 196,
203, 205-207
floral heating, 268
floral sexuality, 246, 251-252
alteration by fly larvae, 278-279
floral traits, 268, 281
flower flies, 124
flowering
and bird migration, 194
constraint by temperature, 255
effect of nectarivore foraging, 201
in Elephant Ear, 269
of figs, 272
of hummingbird-pollinated plants,
66
of Inga, 86
phenological displacement, 254
and reproduction in birds, 190
in trees, 65, 281-283
fluorescent dye technique, 241
foliage, nutrient concentrations of,
329, 330t
foliicolous plants, 80
food availability
and breeding in birds, 190
for mammals, 231
forages
alternative, 397, 398
management of, 400
foraging. See also feeding behavior
behavior, 206-207, 214
efficiency, 207
of frugivorous birds, 200
in hummingbird guilds, 199
by mixed-species flocks, 184-186,
206-207565 Index