resprouting, 318, 319, 39
restoration ecology, 431
retranslocation, 329, 331
rhizobia, 400
ridges, 44
rills, 32
Rio Perlas Blancas, 19, 22
ripple bugs, 100
Rittenmeir, Carl, 10
river channels, 32
roads, 391
robber flies, 123
rock ridges, 44-45
Rockwell, Marvin, 390t
rodents. See also specific names of
rodents; types of rodents
beetles associated with, 109-110
climbing, 240t
pollination by, 228, 241, 276t
seed preferences of, 286
vocalizations in, 236-238
roots
biomass and nutrient pools of,
322-323
growth of adventitious, 339-341
interaction with soil, 314
rove beetles, 108-111, 229
Rubiaceae, 70
Ruddy-capped Nightingale-Thrush.
See Catharus frantzii
runoff, 19, 29, 30, 31, 353
salamanders, 153
breeding systems of, 163
declines in, 172-173
habitats of, 168-169
San Gerardo, 90, 367, 380-381
San Luis, 353, 385, 391, 401
settlement of, 232
San Luis Biological Station, 361
Santa Clara Ecological Reserve,
43
Santa Elena Development
Association, 374
Santa Elena High School Cloud
Forest Reserve, 351, 367-369
saprophytes, 58-59
Sapindaceae, 49
Sapium pachystachys, 305
sarcophagid flies, 160
Satyrinae, 119, 120-121
Save the Rainforest, 364
sawflies, 125
scale insects, 105-106
scarab beetles, 111-113
pollination by, 268-271
scatter hoarding, 257
Scelionidae, 124
Schefflera, 452
scientists, 373
Sciurus variegatoides (Variegated
Squirrel), 233
Scolytidae, 117-118
scorpions, 139, 140f
Scotinomys teguina (Alston's Brown
Mouse), 236, 237f
seasonally, 281, 391
and colonization, 283
effect on bee activity, 137
effect on wasp life history, 130
and litterfall, 329
of reproductive cycles in
amphibians and reptiles, 166
responses of birds to, 194-195
of seed dispersal, 263-264
sea-surface temperature, 162
sedimentation rates, 23
sediment load, 32
seed coat thickness, 287
seed dispersal, 255, 284, 426-427, 428
by arboreal mice, 240
by bats, 227
by birds, 186, 200, 201, 283f, 294-
295
in Blakea and Topobea, 276-277
events after, 286-287
and gene flow, 266
in Lauraceae, 289-291
manipulation of behavior, 261-262
in mistletoe, 81
modes of, 256-257, 258
and plant reproductive success,
263-266
and timing of fruiting, 282
seed dormancy, 265
seed morphology, 257
seed passage rates, 262
seed predation, 263, 264, 285, 286
seed set, limited by pollination, 254
seed size, 287
selection, 282
floral, 254, 280
r versus K, 239
in wasps, 132
Senecio cooperi, 339
sensible heat, 18
sentinels. See indicator species
serpentarium, 355
settlers, 373, 389
Seventh Day Adventist School, 371,
373
sex ratios, 422
of flowers, 278
of frogs, 166
of trees, 87-88
sex switching, in plants, 87
sexual dimorphism
among scale insects, 105
in birds, 189, 214
in scarab beetles, 111
shading, by epiphyllous plants, 80
sheetwash erosion, 32
shrews, 224, 226, 235
shrubs
families of, 519-522
seed dispersal by bats, 258
species, 46t, 48t, 52, 53f
Sigmodon hispidus (Hispid Cotton
Rat), 236
silos, 397
sinks, 431
House Wrens as, 448skippers, 119
skunks, 233
slash/mulch systems, 414-415
Slender Harvest Mouse. See
Reithrodontomys gracilis
slopes, oversteepening of, 24
slurry systems, 396
Small Organic Producers
Association, 403
snag density, 200
snakes
declines in, 153, 170
frog-eating, 158-159, 159f, 428
as predators of lizards, 161
sociality
of treehoppers, 103-104
of wasps, 129
soil
in abandoned farm land, 442
carbon and nitrogen content of,
35t
compaction, 411
fertility, 338, 396, 410
formation and classification, 27
improvement, 367
of leeward cloud forests, 313-315
loss equation, 394
microbes in, 336
pH, 28, 391
physical and chemical properties,
27-29
root biomass in, 322
on trees. See tree soil
Solanaceae, 50, 249
solar angle, 16
solar heating, 18
solar radiation, 8, 16, 17f, 162
song rate, of birds, 190
sonograms, 215, 236
sound production, by orthopterans,
98
Southern River Otter. See Lutra
longicaudis
Spanish Conquest, 408-409
specialization, 428
species declines, 232
species diversity, 390
alpha, 183
beta, 183, 420, 423
of mammals, 223, 224-225
of psyllids, 105
species interactions, 420
species richness, 420, 423
of amphibians and reptiles, 151
of birds, 182-184, 201
comparison of regions, 67t
of hymenopterans, 127
of plants, 50, 51t
of trees in windbreaks, 450
Species Survival Commission, 172
Sphecidae, 125
Sphingidae, 248
spiders, 139-142, 270
spittlebugs, 100, 101-102, 391, 393,
409-410
control of, 395, 397(^571) Index