tunnel systems, in bark beetles, 117
Turdus plebejus (Mountain Robin),
diet breadth, 260
Tylomys watsoni (Watson's Climbing
Rat), 241
Typhlocybinae, 103
ultisols, 27
ultraviolet radiation, 161, 428
umbrella species, 430
understory
flowering and fruiting in, 65
light availability in, 310
pollination systems, 252
species richness of, 450
Universal Soil Loss Equation, 394
University of California Education
Abroad Program, 369
University of Maryland, 382
University of New York-Buffalo, 382
Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Gray
Fox), 233
U.S. Peace Corps, 365
Vaccinium poasanum, 267
VanDusen, Katy, 390t
Vargas, Carlos, 390t
Vargas, Guillermo, 364
Vargas, Jose Luis, 390t
Variegated Squirrel. See Sciurus
variegatoides
Varsan, 405
vegetable production, 401
organic, 403, 405
sustainability of, 406-407
vegetarianism, 371
vegetation. See plants
Vespidae, 125, 129-131
veterinary care, 399
Villalobos, Christina, 390t
vines, 54
families of, 519-522
seed dispersal by bats, 258
species, 46t
Vinicio, Marco, 390t
Viscaceae, 50, 57, 81
vitamin E derivatives, 452-453
vocalizations
of bats, 226
of birds, 189, 190, 193, 204
in frogs and toads, 163-164
of rodents, 236-238
volcanism, 21-22, 22warblers, 185
warming trends, 162
wasps, 126, 423
eusocial, 129-131, 535
fig, 111, 272
migration of, 438
waste pulp, from coffee processing,
402
waste treatment, 405, 406
water
availability
and establishment of mistletoes,
82
and frog breeding, 164, 173
flow, 31
monitoring, 32-33
quality, 96, 97, 447t
seed dispersal by, 256
storage
by bryophytes, 78
by epiphytes, 73, 76
in forests, 30
temperature and insect abundance,
97
vapor release, 18
water bugs, 100
waterlogging, 304
watershed protection, 356, 367, 372
water striders, 100
Watson's Climbing Rat. See Tylomys
watsoni
weather, 15-20
bird adaptations to, 194-195
effect on nutrient cycles, 321
and litterfall, 331
mortality of birds due to, 197
and pollination, 252
and seed dispersal, 262
weathering, 396
weeds, 61-63, 410
control in coffee production, 402
wetness indicators, 8
wet season, 18
White-faced Capuchin. See Cebus
capucinus
whiteflies, 100White-lipped Peccary See Tayassu
pecan
White-nosed Coati See Nasua nanca
White-tailed Deer See Odocoileus
virgimanus
wind See also trade winds
and agriculture, 391
bird adaptations to, 194
and butterfly migration, 119
effect on flying insects, 438
effect on forests, 304, 305
effect on plants, 39
and epiphytic organic matter, 332
and litterfall, 329
pollination by, 249, 252
seed dispersal by, 256
speed, 306
windbreaks, 365-367, 372, 391, 396,
397,403,430
as corridors, 448-450
as tree habitats, 450-451
wings, evolution of transparent, 121
Withermgia, 262, 264, 283-286
Wolfe, Jim, 390t
women, 370, 374, 383-384
wood borers, 114-115
woodcreepers, 185
wood density, 306-307, 443f, 445 ff
446f
wood nymphs, 119-120
wood-quail, incubation in, 193
Woods, Monty, 370
wood strength, 305
World Conservation Union, 172
World Wildlife Fund, 353, 358, 362, 380
worms, microfilarial, 197
wrens See also Troglodytes aedon
foraging behavior, 186
productivity m, 208-210Xanthosoma robustum (Elephant
Ear), 268-271yeast, role in digestion of long-
horned beetles, 115
Youth Challenge International, 368zinc, 391
Zmgiberaceae, 51
Zygothnca neolmea, 278-279573 Index