Produce Degradation Pathways and Prevention

364 Produce Degradation: Reaction Pathways and their Prevention

TABLE 11.9

Classification of Foliage-Applied Herbicides

Mode of Action Chemical Class Representatives

Foliage-applied, systemic herbicides:

Inhibitors of branched-chain

amino acid synthesis

Imidazolinone Imazamox, imazapyr, imazethapyr

Sulfonylurea Chlorsulfuron, rimsulfuron,

sulfosulfuron

Inhibitors of aromatic amino

acid synthesis

Glycine derivative Glyphosate and its salts (sulfosate)

Inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis

(acetyl CoA carboxylase

inhibitors)

Aryloxyphenoxypropionate Cyhalofop-butyl, fluazifop-P-butyl,

haloxyfop, quizalop-P-ethyl

Cyclohexanedione oxime Clethodim, cycloxydim, sethoxydim

Synthetic auxins causing

abnormal growth

Aryloxyalkanoic acid 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, MCPA,

MCPB, mecoprop

Benzoic acid Chloramben, dicamba, 2,3,6-TBA

Pyridinecarboxylic acid Clopyralid, fluroxypyr, picloram

Foliage-applied, contact herbicides:

Cell disrupters Bipyridylium Diquat, paraquat

Inhibitors of glutamine

synthetase

(photosynthesis inhibitors)

Phosphinic acid Bilanofos, glufosinate-ammonium

Inhibitors of photosynthetic

electron transport

(Hill reaction)

Benzothiadiazinone Bentazon

Hydroxybenzonitrile Bromoxynil, ioxynil

Phenylpyridazine Pyridate

Sources: Cremlyn, R.J., Agrochemicals: Preparation and Mode of Action, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.,

Chichester, 1991 and Tomlin, C.D.S., Ed. The Pesticide Manual, 12th ed., British Crop Protection Council,

Surrey, UK, 2000.

TABLE 11.10
Herbicides Used in Weed Control in Produce Production in the U.S.

Commodity Weed Preemergence Herbicides Weed Postemergence Herbicides

Fruits:
Apples Diuron, norflurazon, oryzalin,
oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, simazine,
terbacil

2,4-D, glufosinate-ammonium,
glyphosate, paraquat, sethoxydim,
sulfosate
Cherries Napropamide, norflurazon, oryzalin,
oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, simazine

2,4-D, glyphosate, paraquat, sulfosate

Grapes Diuron, napropamide, norflurazon,
oryzalin, oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin,
simazine, trifluralin

2,4-D, glufosinate-ammonium,
glyphosate, paraquat, sethoxydim,
sulfosate
Oranges Bromacil, diuron, norflurazon,
oxyfluorfen, simazine, thiazopyr

2,4-D, glyphosate, paraquat, sethoxydim,

sulfosate