352 Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)
1848 Nezara approximata Reiche and Fairmaire, Voy. Abyss. 3: 443 (“Abyssinie” = Ethiopia). (Synonymized by Stål,
1865, Hemipt. Afr.: 194).
1849 Pentatoma plicaticollis Lucas, Hist. Nat. Insectes 3: 87 (Algeria). (Synonymized [with smaragdulus] by Mulsant
and Rey, 1866, Hist. Nat. Pun. Fr.: 296).
1851 Rhaphigaster prasinus: Dallas, Cat. Hem.: 274. Misidentification according to Stål, 1865, Hemipt. Afr.: 193.
1854 Rhaphigaster orbus Stål, Öfvers. Vet.-Akad. Förh. 10 (1853): 221 (South Africa). (Synonymized by Stål, 1865,
Hemipt. Afr.: 194).
1867 Pentatoma vicaria Walker, Cat. Het. Hem. II: 303 (“Hindostan” = India). (Synonymized by Distant, 1900, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. 5: 392).
1884 Nezara viridula var. aurantiaca Costa, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli 1: 37, 58 (Sardinia). (Synonymized by Reuter,
1907, Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1907: 210).
1889 Nezara antennata var. icterica Horváth, Ana. Cogn. Het. Himalay.: 31 (Japan and India). (Synonymized by
Ferrari et al., 2010, Zootaxa: 17).
1903 Nezara viridula var. hepatica Horváth, Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 1903: 406 (Algeria). (Synonymized by
Reuter, 1907, Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1907: 210).
CONTENTS
7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 353
7.2 Taxonomy ..................................................................................................................................... 354
7.3 Distribution .................................................................................................................................. 356
7.3.1 Asia .................................................................................................................................. 356
7.3.1.1 Range in Asia: Overview ................................................................................. 356
7.3.1.2 Range Expansion in Asia: A Case Study in Central Japan.............................. 357
7.3.2 Europe............................................................................................................................... 361
7.3.2.1 The Invasion History in Europe ........................................................................ 361
7.3.3 North America ................................................................................................................. 362
7.3.4 Caribbean (West Indies), Central America, and South America .................................... 365
7.4 Biology ......................................................................................................................................... 367
7.4.1 Life History ..................................................................................................................... 367
7.4.1.1 Eggs .................................................................................................................. 368
7.4.1.2 Nymphs ............................................................................................................ 368
7.4.1.3 Adults ............................................................................................................... 369
7.4.2 Symbiotic Relationships .................................................................................................. 369
7.4.3 Mate Selection ................................................................................................................. 370
7.4.4 Winter and Summer Diapauses ........................................................................................ 371
7.4.4.1 Diapause Induction in the Laboratory .............................................................. 371
7.4.4.2 Diapause-Associated Reversible Color Change in Adults ............................... 373
7.4.4.3 Diapause Induction and Adult Color Change in the Field ................................ 375
7.4.4.4 Diapause Maintenance in the Laboratory ........................................................ 377
7.4.4.5 Diapause Maintenance in the Field: Dynamics of the Physiological
Condition of Adults during the Overwintering Period .................................... 378
7.4.4.6 Diapause Termination in the Laboratory ......................................................... 378
7.4.4.7 Diapause Termination in the Field ................................................................... 379
7.4.4.8 Geographic Differences in Diapause Pattern .................................................. 379
7.4.4.9 Diapause Syndrome and Overwintering in the Field: Importance
of the Timing of Emergence, and the Coloration and Size of Adults .............. 380
7.4.5 Host Plant Associations .................................................................................................... 381
7.4.6 Movement among Hosts at Farmscape and Landscape Levels ....................................... 396
7.5 Current Impacts in Agriculture .................................................................................................... 398
7.5.1 Asia .................................................................................................................................. 398
7.5.2 Europe.............................................................................................................................. 399
7.5.3 North America ................................................................................................................. 399