Nezara viridula ( L .) 367
several other records have included Central and South America (Palisot de Beauvois 1818, Amyot
and Serville 1843, Pennington 1919, Costa Lima 1940, Rufinelli and Pirán 1959). It now has been
reported as a vector of plant disease organisms in Puerto Rico (Kaiser and Vakili 1978).
7.4 Biology
General life-history biology of Nezara viridula has not deviated significantly from earlier reports (e.g.,
Jones 1918, Drake 1920). However, improvements in available scientific equipment and recent changes in
abiotic factors have enabled researchers to more clearly elucidate behaviors related to oviposition, feed-
ing, endosymbionts, pathogen transmission, overwintering survival frequency, and mechanisms allow-
ing overwintering survival. This section expands on these findings.
7.4.1 Life History
The developmental life stages of Nezara viridula have been described by Jones (1918) and Drake (1920).
Characteristics and descriptions of the eggs, nymphs of different stadia/stages, and adults have changed
TABLE 7.3
List of Countries in the Caribbean (West
Indies), Central America, and South America
with records for Nezara viridula
Caribbean- Cuba
- Dominican Republic
- Haiti
- Jamaica
- Puerto Rico [USA commonwealth]
- Saint Vincent and Grenadines
Central America - Belize
- Costa Rica
- Honduras
- Nicaragua
- Panama
South America - Argentina
- Brazil
- Chile
- Colombia
- Ecuador
- French Guiana [French overseas department]
- Guyana
- Paraguay
- Uruguay
- Venezuela