78 Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)
of the Carpocorini. Our studies agree with Cachan; that is, species of Holcogaster (Figure 2.20B) have
elongate, apically acute ostiolar rugae, more characteristic of the antestiines. Members of the European
genera Rubiconia and Staria Dohrn have the ostiolar rugae elongate, reaching beyond the middle of the
metapleuron; additionally, the inner mesial angles of the propleura are produced anteriorly (similar to
the aeliines) in species of Staria. Both genera need further study, but they could possibly be related to
the eysarcorines.
Cnephosa Jakovlev has the inner, mesial margins of the propleura lobed and produced anteriorly,
similar to that seen in the Aeliini, but they do not cover the antenniferous tubercles. Members of the
genus Rhombocoris Mayr have the posterior half of each buccula greatly expanded, lobe-like; other-
wise, the ostiolar and sternal structures are similar to the carpocorines. In our discussion of the tribes
Aeliini and Aeptini (see Sections 2.2.10.7.2 and 2.2.10.7.3, respectively), we mentioned that two genera,
Bonacialus and Gulielmus, both have the mesosternum distinctly sulcate, not carinate; they probably
need to be transferred out of the Carpocorini but their placement is questionable (perhaps they should
be included in the Aeptini, Diploxyini, Myrocheini, or Sephelini). Members of the Australian genus
Pseudapines Bergroth look extremely similar to members of the tribe Menidini, but they lack the small,
anteriorly directed spine on the base of the abdomen. This could be a secondary loss of the spine, and this
genus probably should be transferred to the Menidini. In fact, Gross (1976) stated that he was hesitant
in treating Pseudapines as a member of the Carpocorini. The general habitus of members of the genus
Kamaliana Ahmad and Zaidi is very similar to that found in many genera in the Cappaeini.
The Australian Region has a number of genera that are questionably placed. For example, the New Zealand
genus Hypsithocus Bergroth has the prosternum distinctly sulcate and the metasternum shallowly sulcate; the
mesosternum has a medial carina but only on the anterior half. The ostiolar apparatus is extremely small and
the wings are brachypterous. Its general facies appears to be similar to the myrocheines. The ostiolar rugae are
quite elongate in the genus Monteithiella Gross; otherwise, this genus seems to fit well into the Carpocorini.
Gross (1976) stated that he was placing Monteithiella in the Carpocorini with hesitation. Similarly, members
of the genus Eurinome Stål have the ostiolar rugae quite elongate, acuminate apically, and are brownish in
color, so they may need to be transferred to the Cappaeini or Rolstoniellini. The genus Mycoolona Distant
lacks a medial carina on the metasternum, and so its proper placement is in need of further study. Another
interesting Australian genus is Neomazium Distant. It has the ostiolar rugae slightly elongate but still not
reaching halfway to the lateral margin of the metapleuron. It has a series of short ridges forming a nar-
row band around the lateral margins of the abdomen; these ridges are for stridulation. We know of no other
pentatomoid genus possessing a stridulatory mechanism similar to this. The genus Notius Dallas does not
resemble the typical carpocorines; its members have the hind coxae widely separated, leaving a broad, shal-
lowly sulcate metasternum. The ostiolar rugae are slightly elongate. Interestingly, the ventral margins of the
bucculae curve or are rolled mesad, almost forming a tube that covers the first rostral segment.
The South American genus Poriptus has the mesosternum distinctly sulcate without a medial carina;
the elongate juga meeting anterior to the tylus is similar to that found in the African members of the
tribe Diploxyini; otherwise the remaining characters are typical of the Carpocorini. Members of the
genus Prionotocoris Kormilev have the mesosternum and metasternum shallowly sulcate with a medial
carina weakly evident only on the anterior third of the mesosternum. Faúndez and Rider (2014) previ-
ously noted some similarities between their new South American genus Thestral and the Australian
genus Poecilotoma Dallas (Figure 2.24G). Because of this, they tentatively transferred Poecilotoma
into the Carpocorini. In truth, Poecilotoma, Thestral, and the related Acledra Signoret all have sul-
cate, non-carinate mesosterna, and most likely none of them belong in the Carpocorini. Rolston (1987b)
placed the genus Calagasma Bergroth as a junior synonym of Epipedus Spinola. Recently, Lupoli (2016)
re-established Calagasma as a valid genus, and described a new species within each of the two genera.
There are also several questionably placed genera from Africa. Members of the genus Steleocoris Mayr
have the prosternum and metasternum distinctly sulcate with the metasternum forming relatively sharp
ridges, one on each side of the rostral groove; the mesosternum is much more shallowly sulcate, and it
has a weak, medial carina. In Theloris Stål, the sternal structures are typical carpocorine, but the ostiolar
rugae are quite elongate, apically acuminate, and so it may need to be transferred to the Cappaeini. The
genus Kahlamba Distant appears to be closely related to Acoloba, presently considered to be a member
of the Diploxyini; both genera may have ties to the myrocheine genus Neococalus Bergroth.