729

16

General Insect Management

Jeremy K. Greene, James A. Baum, Eric P. Benson, C. Scott Bundy,
Walker A. Jones, George G. Kennedy, J. E. McPherson, Fred R. Musser,
Francis P. F. Reay-Jones, Michael D. Toews, and James F. Walgenbach

CONTENTS

16.1 Management Tactics and Control ............................................................................................... 730
16.2 History ........................................................................................................................................ 731
16.2.1 Control Prior to Synthetic Organic Insecticides ............................................................. 731
16.2.1.1 Brief Overview ................................................................................................ 731
16.2.1.2 Ancient History ............................................................................................... 731
16.2.1.3 Post-Classical Era ........................................................................................... 732
16.2.1.4 Modern History .............................................................................................. 732
16.2.1.5 Influence of Farming Practices on Control .................................................... 734
16.2.2 Age of Synthetic Organic Insecticides (Chlorinated Hydrocarbons,
Organophosphates, Carbamates) ................................................................................... 735
16.3 Modern Era ................................................................................................................................. 737
16.3.1 Current Management Practices ...................................................................................... 737
16.3.1.1 Cultural Control ............................................................................................. 737
16.3.1.1.1 Crop Rotation or Fallowing ........................................................ 738
16.3.1.1.2 Sanitation or Clean Culture ........................................................ 738
16.3.1.1.3 Tillage ......................................................................................... 738
16.3.1.1.4 Plant Density and Row Spacing ................................................. 739
16.3.1.1.5 Trap Cropping and Farmscape Influences .................................. 739
16.3.1.1.6 Planting Date .............................................................................. 739
16.3.1.1.7 Water Management ..................................................................... 739
16.3.1.1.8 Nutrient Management ................................................................. 740
16.3.1.1.9 Intercropping .............................................................................. 740
16.3.1.1.10 Harvest Management .................................................................. 740
16.3.1.1.11 Host Plant Resistance (Non-GMOs) ............................................ 741
16.3.1.2 Physical/Mechanical Control .......................................................................... 741
16.3.1.2.1 Electricity .................................................................................... 741
16.3.1.2.2 Sound Waves ............................................................................... 742
16.3.1.2.3 Radiation: Visible, Ultraviolet, Ionizing ..................................... 742
16.3.1.2.4 Temperature ................................................................................. 743
16.3.1.2.5 Physical Barriers.......................................................................... 743
16.3.1.2.6 Hand Removal (Handpicking) ..................................................... 743
16.3.1.3 Reproductive Control ...................................................................................... 744
16.3.1.3.1 Sterilization Strategies ............................................................... 744
16.3.1.3.1.1 Chemosterilization ................................................ 744
16.3.1.3.1.2 Radiation ............................................................... 744
16.3.1.3.1.3 Sterile-Insect Technique ........................................ 745
16.3.1.3.2 Mating Disruption ....................................................................... 745