Differences:Thefirst two protocols represent most information concerning this
gap:“When active learnersdon’t perform as well as they had hoped, they evaluate
why they didn’t do well, and change those studying behaviors the next time. Passive
learners on the other hand, often approach every course in the same manner”(the
original script). Their retelling protocols are different and it is interesting to note the
only retelling protocol (protocol 3) with correct answer is not that accurate, for“bad
behavior”does not equal“poor performance”; on the other hand, Zhou’sretelling
protocol“Active learners will evaluate and change their behavior if theyperform
undesirably while passive learners...”is quite accurate, for“perform undesirably”is a
very suitable paraphrase of“don’t perform as well as they had hoped”. In addition,
the second protocol, Tan’s“not performing well” also corresponds to the key
information in this sentence, but she didn’t get the correct answer for this gap either.
We have two interpretations:first, Phase 1 gap-filling task and Phase 2 retelling
do not assess the same construct. Retelling is not as cognitively demanding as the
gap-filling task, for participants are required to retell one paragraph at a time instead
of retelling the whole discourse. For example, Zhou’s Phase 2 retelling protocol
was quite aligned with her notes“poor performance”, but not at all consistent with
her Phase 1 protocol as she was quite at a loss while doing the gap in question and
failed to build a link between her notes and the gap. Therefore, our second inter-
pretation is that the gap-filling task in Phase 1 has expanded the construct than that
of the retelling task in Phase 2. As is discussed in Phase 1, constructing meaning
while taking notes and building links amongst propositional units should be the key
to successful lecture comprehension (Table7.8).
Table 7.8 (continued)
Protocol 3 (Gap No. 9; Correct
answer; TEM 4: 79; TEM 8 Mini: 4)Fan: I missed the beginning part. They don’t know
where they, how to say. I missed the sentence
R: You missed the beginning part. So, what is the
consequence?
Fan: I forgot
Fan: Passive learners just approach the previousbad
behaviors and not change when their professors
point out their bad behaviors, and
this is when learners accept their responsibilities,
they can be called active learners7.3 Consistency Between Phase 1 and Phase 2 117