The Economist June 11th 2022 47
Middle East & AfricaXenophobiainSouthAfricaThe death of a pan-Africanist dream
“I
t could havebeen me,” says Dumisa
ni, a Zimbabwean living in Diepsloot,
on the northern outskirts of Johannesburg.
On April 7th a mob of South Africans beat
and burned to death his fellow country
man, Elvis Nyathi, after tearing through
the township demanding to see migrants’
identity documents. “South Africans are
frustrated and they are taking it out on for
eigners,” says Dumisani (whose name has
been changed). Ever since the lynching he
struggles to sleep at night, fearing that vig
ilantes will come for him. “I’d rather be
confronted by the police or Home Affairs
than these guys.”
During apartheid South Africa had what
scholars call a “twogates” immigration
policy. White foreigners came through the
front gate, receiving residency rights and
incentives like subsidised housing. Afri
cans were shown the back gate, with tem
porary entry tied to specific jobs and no
pathway to citizenship. (Black South Afri
cans were in effect denied full citizenship,
too.) After the shift to democracy in 1994,
Nelson Mandela’s government allowed
people from the rest of the continent tocome through the front gate. That formal
ised South Africa’s role as a hub for African
economic migrants and asylum seekers.
The current spasms of xenophobic vio
lence in places such as Diepsloot are not
the first. Xenowatch, a research consorti
um, estimates that 623 people have been
killed and 123,000 forced to leave their
homes since 1994. The vast majority of vic
tims are Africans, who make up about
threequarters of the estimated 4m immi
grants in the country of 60m. Most of the
incidents took place in the past decade.
But two things distinguish the latest
episodes. First is the influence of vigilante
groups such as Operation Dudula (“push
back” in Zulu), which organise marches in
townships and use social media to amplify
their vitriol. The second is the level of political support for antimigrant policies. As
the African National Congress (anc) con
fronts the probable loss of its electoral ma
jorityin 2024, the ruling party is blaming
foreigners for its own failures. Meanwhile,
many opposition parties blame the ancfor
allowing the foreigners to ruin the country
in the first place. The panAfricanism of
Nelson Mandela is being drowned out by a
xenophobic cacophony.
Politics dovetails with public opinion.
In a report published in 2020 by Afro
barometer, a research group, the share of
respondents who would dislike having for
eigners as neighbours was higher in South
Africa than in all but three of the other 33
African countries polled (see chart 1 on
next page). Analysis by the Human Sci
ences Research Council (hsrc), a think
tank,finds that 46% of South Africans see
migrants as “violent”, 48% view them as
“dishonest” and just 28% think that mi
grants are “good people” (see chart 2).
In another poll from 2021 around 3% of
South Africans said they had taken part in
“violent action” against foreigners in their
neighbourhood in the past year—and al
most 10% in “the more distant past”. A fur
ther 12% said they might do so. South Afri
cans are becoming more forthcoming
about such views, says Steven Gordon of
hsrc, a sign that “this form of violence is
becoming more socially acceptable.”
David Mabusela, who works for a Meth
odist church in Diepsloot, claims without
evidence that “the majority of the crimes
being committed are by Zimbabweans.”D IEPSLOOT AND ROBERTSON
For African migrants in South Africa, life is increasingly perilous→Alsointhissection
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