The Economist June 11th 2022 63
Business
ManagingAmericanbusinessinhardtimes
No margin for error
F
or theleaders of America Inc, high in
flation is unwelcome. It is also unfamil
iar. Warren Buffett, 91, the oldest boss in
the s&p500 index of big firms, most re
cently warned about the dangers of rising
prices in his annual shareholder letter for
2011. The average chief executive of a com
pany in the index, aged a stripling 58, had
not started university in 1979 when Paul
Volcker, inflation’s enemyinchief, be
came chairman of the Federal Reserve. By
the time the average boss began working
the rise of globalised capitalism was usher
ing in an era of low inflation and high pro
fits (see chart 1 on next page). Their firms’
share prices rose between the global finan
cial crisis of 200709 and the covid19 pan
demic, a decade of rockbottom inflation.
Inflation will stay high for some time
yet. On June 7th the World Bank warned
that “several years of aboveaverage infla
tion and belowaverage growth now seem
likely.” A new study by Marijn Bolhuis,
Judd Cramer and Lawrence Summers finds
that if you measure inflation consistently,
today’s rate is not that far off the peak in
1980. As the past creeps up on the future,
“stagflation” is preoccupying the denizens
of corner offices. Today’s executives may
think of themselves as battlehardened—
they have experienced a financial crisis
and a pandemic. However, the stagflation
ary challenge requires a different toolkit
that borrows from the past and also in
volves new tricks.
The primary task for any management
team is to defend margins and cashflow,
which investors favour over revenue
growth when things get dicey. That will re
quire fighting harder down in the trenches
of the income statement. Although a rise
in margins as inflation first picked up last
year led politicians to denounce corporate
“greedflation”, aftertax profits in fact tend
to come down as a share of gdpwhen price
rises persist, based on the experience of all
American firms since 1950 (see chart 2). To
create shareholder value in this environ
ment companies must increase their cash
flows in real terms. That means a combina
tion of cutting expenses and passing cost
inflation on to customers without damp
ening sales volumes.
Costcutting will not be easy. The prices
of commodities, transport and labour re
main elevated and most companies are
pricetakers in those markets. Supply
chain constraints have begun to ease a bit
and may keep easing in the coming
months. But disruptions will almost cer
tainly continue. In April Apple lamented
that the industrywide computerchip
shortage is expected to create a $4bn8bn
“constraint” for the iPhonemaker in the
current quarter.
The input bosses can control most easi
ly is labour. After months of frenzied hir
ing, companies are looking to protect mar
gins by getting more from their workers—
or getting the same amount from fewer of
them. The labour market remains drum
tight: in America wages are up by more
than 5% year on year and in April layoffs
hit a record low. But, in some corners, the
pandemic hiring binge to meet pentup de
mand is being unwound.
American bosses are again demonstrat
ing that they are less squeamish about lay
offs than their European counterparts. In a
A guide to running a company in a period of stagflation
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