Abbasids, 89, 114, 123–24, 153, 214, 221; revive
Sasanian Empire, 110, 111; translation
movement, 151, 154, 210
ʿAbd al- Malik, caliph, 10, 57, 190
Abraham, prophet, 117, 185
“Abrahamic” religions, 2n2
Abū Bishr Mattā, philosopher, 209
Abū Hanīfa, legal scholar, 193
Achaemenids, 105, 116, 123–24
Aetius, theologian, 137, 138
Ainalov, D., art historian, 27–28, 29, 30
Akiva, rabbi, 176
Aksum (Ethiopia), 76, 77, 112, 117–18, 120,
121, 122
Alexander of Aphrodisias, philosopher, 131,
134, 145, 160
Alexander the Great, 10, 37, 100, 116, 123, 128,
129, 202
Alexandria: as emporium, 120; role in art his-
tory, 28, 36; schools, especially of philoso-
phy, and their influence, 126, 134, 135–37,
140, 142, 146–53, 159, 161, 165n2, 204–5,
210; style of exegesis, 184–85
Amanus, Mount, 94
Ammonius son of Hermeias, philosopher, 133,
148, 160
Ananias of Shirak, scholar 141, 145–46
Anastasius of Sinai, theologian, 138
Ancient commentators on Aristotle project, 11,
165
Andronicus of Rhodes, philosopher, 130–31,
148
“anti- Semitism”, 29, 32n50
Ansary, T., historian, 90n118
Antioch, 94, 120, 126, 150, 185
arabesque. See ornament
Arabia: caravan routes, 120, 121; importance to
Ottomans, 115; in Muslim historiography,
76–77, 78; Judaism and Christianity in, 76,
99; strategic significance of, 119, 121–22
Arabic language, 115, 160, 179, 180, 186–87,
203, 215; grammar, 160, 193 and n142, 208;
lexicography, 193
Arianism, 113, 146
Aristotle, philosopher, 52, 127–30, 147–48; in
Index
Arabic, 154–60, 179, 180; in Armenian,
140–41; in Latin, 139–40; in Syriac, 141–
45, 147, 153; Metaphysics, 131–32, 134, 141,
144, 156, 158, 159, 160, 162, 211; Organon:
see logic in philosophical/theological debate;
Physics, 134, 139–40, 156; pseudepigrapha
of, 145, 152–53, 158–59, 222. See also har-
monization of Plato with Aristotle
Aristotelianism, 11–12, 13, 52, 127–63, 206. See
also Aristotle
Arius of Alexandria, theologian, 137
Armenia: cultural identity/horizon of, 31, 100–
1, 111; philosophy in, 140–41; strategic sig-
nificance of, 121–22
Ashʿarī, theologian, and Ashʿarism, 163, 209
Ashurnasirpal II, king of Assyria, 93–94
Asia, Central, 101, 214n63, 222
Athens: acropolis/Parthenon, 31, 51; archaeo-
logical investigation of, 24–25, 31; philoso-
phy at, 11, 130, 131, 135–36
Augustine, theologian, 41, 45, 74, 134, 186
Augustus, Roman emperor, 49, 68, 70, 121, 148,
150
Avesta, 189, 201–2Babylonian Talmud (Bavli), 174, 176, 177–78
Baghdad: intellectual life at, 49–50, 55, 87, 97,
99, 114–15, 150–51, 163, 178–79, 181,
192, 193–94, 196–97, 205–7, 207–12,
215n68, 223
Baghdādī, ʿAbd al- Latīf al- , philosopher, 210n51
Bardaisan, 125, 145, 153, 200, 209
Bar Hebraeus, Gregory, scholar, 75, 212
Baronius, C., historian, 21, 22
Basilics, 171
Basra, 205–7
BC/AD dating, 78, 80, 84–85
Becker, C., historian, 37–38, 82
Berlin Islamic Museum, 25, 35
biological metaphor in historical analysis, 55
Bīrūnī, polymath, 4, 199–200, 215
Black Sea, 119
Blankinship, K., historian, 7n21, 91n118
Boethius, scholar, 139–40, 145–46
Book of causes, 21