National Geographic History - 01.2019 - 02.2019

ANA

TOLIAN

CEL

TIC

IN

D

O-

IR

AN

IA

N

G

R

E

E

K

G

E

R

M

A

N

IC

IT

A

L

IC

BRYTHO

NIC

GAELIC

LA

TI

N

• F

AL

IS

CA

N

KO

IN

E

IND

O-A

RYA

N

PA

HL

AVI

IR

AN

IA

N

NO

RT

H

GE

RM

AN

IC

INSUL

ARCELTIC

Sanskrit

Celtiberian

IrishGaelic

Breton

Pictish

ScottishGaelic

Welsh

Ga

ul

is

h

Pali

Moder

nG

ree

k

No

rwe

gian

Ic

el

an

di

c

Da

ni

sh

S

w

ed

is

h

G

er

m

an

Afr

ika

an

s

Du

tc

h

En

gl

is

h

Sogd

ian

Go

th

ic

Fe

ro

es

e

rF

si

ia

n

PRAKRIT

VEDICSANS

KRIT

OL

DP

ER

SIA

N

BALTO-

SLAVIC

WE

ST

GE

RM

AN

IC

LA

NG

UA

GE

S

Hittite

Palaic

Luwian

CLASSICALGREEK

Nepali

Marathi

Bengali

Hindi

VE

DI

C

PR

AK

RI

TS

CONTI

NEN

TA

L

CELT

IC

TOCHARIAN

Saka Avestan

Nuristani

Lepontic

Tocharian A

Tocharian B

FarsiormodernPersian

20 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2019

Hittite

CEL

Welsh

Principal branch of Indo-European

Living language

Dead language

ROOTS

AND BRANCHES

INDO-EUROPEAN

Linguists identify 10 main branches that

sprang from Indo-European, in turn leading

to multiple subbranches, many of which

are shown here. Like any ancient tree, some

branches still thrive, while others have

withered and faded.