220 • noTes To Pages 110–125
Tlatelolco”; Justino Fernández and Hugo Leight,
“Códice del Tecpan de Santiago Tlatelolco
(1576–1581).”
- Cortés, Letters from Mexico, 321.
- Emma Pérez-Rocha and Rafael Tena,
“Parecer de la Segunda Audiencia sobre una
petición de varios principales de la Ciudad de
México al emperador Carlos V, México, 18 de
junio de 1532,” in La nobleza indígena, 101–102;
will in Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico,
Tierras 37, exp. 2. I thank Edward Calnek for
bringing this document to my attention and
sharing his summary transcription. - Bejarano, Actas de cabildo, June 3, 1542;
Pérez-Rocha and Tena, La nobleza indígena,
39–40. - Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico,
Tierras 37, exp. 2. - Linné, El Valle y la Ciudad de México en
- Garritz, “Ejectutoria a favor de don Diego
Luis Moctezuma,” 34–35. - Moyotlan was the most populous barrio
in the sixteenth and into the early seventeenth
century, Torquemada, Monarquía indiana, vol. 3,
bk. 15, ch. 16, 36; Caso, “Los barrios antiguos de
Tenochtitlan y Tlatelolco,” 50–59. - Gómez Tejada, “Making the ‘Codex
Mendoza,’” 295–306. - Kubler, Mexican Architecture of the
Sixteenth Century, 190. - The Anales de Juan Bautista records that
the work was painted in 1566 and put up on the
tecpan on Easter Sunday, Luis Reyes García, ed.
and trans., ¿Cómo te confundes? ¿Acaso no somos
conquistados? Anales de Juan Bautista, 146, 147.
The work (or one like it) remained there; Chi-
malpahin also records such a banner in 1594 in
Annals of His Time, 49. - Reyes García, Anales de Juan Bautista, 1 47.
- See the discussion of the viceroyal palace
in Schreffler, The Art of Allegiance, 13. - Mendieta, Historia eclesiástica indiana, 211.
- Muriel, “En torno a una vieja polémica,”
- In Bejarano, Actas de cabildo, May 2, 1525, the
Franciscans are still occupying a seat near the
Plaza Mayor; on June 2, 1525, the cabildo records
mention “San Francisco el Nuevo,” on the
new site.
chaPTeR 6
- Diego Valadés, Rhetorica christiana ad
concionandi, et orandi vsvm accommodata,
vtrivsq[ue] facvltatis exemplis svo loco insertis . . . ;
edition cited: Diego Valadés, Retórica Cristiana,
trans. Tarsicio Herrera Zapién. - Mendieta, Historia eclesiástica indiana,
bk. 4, ch. 20, 435. - Casey, Remembering, 48–64.
4. Mendieta, Historia eclesiástica indiana,
bk. 4, ch. 18, 222.
5. Torquemada, Monarquía indiana, vol. 3,
bk. 5, ch. 16, 36.
6. Mendieta, Historia eclesiástica indiana,
bk. 4, ch. 20, 227.
7. Bejarano, Actas de cabildo, January 23, 1526.
8. Jaime Lara, City, Temple, Stage:
Eschatological Architecture and Liturgical
Theatrics in New Spain.
9. Mendieta, Historia eclesiástica indiana,
bk. 4, ch. 20, 434.
10. Ignacio Márquez Rodiles, La utopía del
renacimiento en tierras indígenas de América:
Pedro de Gante, Vasco de Quiroga, Bernardino
de Sahagún; Pedro Vásquez Janiero, Fray Pedro
de Gante: El primero y más grande maestro de la
Nueva Espana; Ernesto de la Torre Villar, Fray
Pedro de Gante: Maestro y civilizador de América;
Mendieta, Historia eclesiástica indiana, bk. 5, pt. 1,
ch. 18, 607–611.
11. See Gante’s letter to Charles V in 1532,
reproduced in Ernesto de la Torre Villar, Fray
Pedro de Gante: Maestro y civilizador de América,
79–81.
12. Torre Villar, Fray Pedro de Gante, 11.
13. Francisco Morales, “Pedro de Gante
(1490–1572),” in Enciclopédia franciscana, http://
http://www.franciscanos.org/enciclopedia/pgante
.html.
14. In his letter of 1529, Gante says he lived
in Tetzcoco for three years, that is, from 1523
to 1526, and after a brief stay in Tlaxcala, went
to Mexico City. Thus, he was likely in the city
around 1526, right after the time of the refoun-
dation of the monastery. Torre Villar, Fray Pedro
de Gante, 71–75.
15. John Leddy Phelan, The Millennial
Kingdom of the Franciscans in the New World.
16. Gante to Philip II, June 23, 1558,
reproduced in Torre Villar, Fray Pedro de Gante,
105–113; quote from 107.
17. Gante to fellow priests in Flanders, June
27, 1529, reproduced in Torre Villar, Fray Pedro
de Gante, 71–75; quote from 75 (my translation).
18. Herbert L. Kessler, “Gregory the Great
and Image Theory in Northern Europe
during the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries.”
Valadés’s Rhetorica christiana lists Gregory as
one of its sources and quotes the pope’s writings
throughout.
19. Pope Gregory, Epistle 11.56, translated and
quoted in George Demacopoulos, “Gregory the
Great and the Pagan Shrines of Kent,” 388–389.
20. The long-accepted claim that Valadés
was the illegitimate son of a conquistador
who joined Cortés in the siege of Tenochtitlan
and his mother an indigenous noblewoman is
rejected by Gerardo Ramírez Leal, “Fray Diego
Valadés y los Indios,” 12–17.
21. Esteban Palomera, introduction to Valadés,
Retórica Cristiana, vii–xlviii; Don Paul Abbott,
Rhetoric in the New World: Rhetorical Theory and
Practice in Colonial Spanish America, 45.
22. Valadés, Retórica Cristiana, 31.
23. Linda Baez Rubí, Mnemosine
novohispánica: Retórica e imágenes en el siglo XVI;
Frances Yates, The Art of Memory.
24. Valadés, Retórica Cristiana, 225. In my
translation to English, I have modified the
Spanish translation of Herrera Zapién with the
Latin translation of Caplan, cited below.
25. From English translation by Harry
Caplan, Ad C. Herennium: De ratione dicendi
(Rhetorica ad Herennium). See also Abbott,
Rhetoric in the New World.
26. Torquemada, Monarquía indiana, vol. 3,
frontispiece.
27. Valadés, Retórica Cristiana, 2 3 7.
28. Valadés, Retórica Cristiana, quote on 481.
29. Valadés, Retórica Cristiana, 2 5 7.
30. Diccionario de Autoridades (Madrid:
Joachin Ibarra, 1726–1739), 655.
31. Phelan, The Millennial Kingdom, 47.
32. Gante to fellow priests in Flanders, June
27, 1529, reproduced in Torre Villar, Fray Pedro
de Gante, 74.
33. “Estos Mexicanos fueron en esta tierra
como en otro tiempo los Romanos” (These
Mexicans occupied this country as in another
time, the Romans occupied theirs), Motolinia,
Historia de los Indios de Nueva España, tratado
3, ch. 4, published in Joaquin García Icazbalceta,
ed., Colección de documentos para la historia
de México, 1:180; David A. Lupher, Romans in
a New World: Classical Models in Sixteenth-
Century Spanish America.
34. Demacopoulos, “Gregory the Great,”
388–389.
35. Torquemada, Monarquía indiana, vol. 1,
bk. 3, ch. 26, 313.
36. Francisco Cervantes de Salazar, Tumulo
Imperial de la gran ciudad de México, fol. 2r.
Torquemada, Monarquía indiana, vol. 1, bk. 3,
ch. 26, 298, writes of the real columns of jasper
in Moteuczoma’s aviary, which once stood on
the spot where the Franciscan monastery was
founded, so another possibility is that the jasper
columns came from a Mexica building and
were repurposed. I thank Byron Hamann for
supplying a copy of the Tumulo Imperial.
37. Motolinia says that residents began erect-
ing the first indigenous churches around 1530,
and in the Códice franciscano, it is this order
that takes credit for building them. See Joaquín
García Icazbalceta, Códice franciscano, siglo XVI;
Muriel, “En torno a una vieja polémica.”
38. Caso aligns the pre-Hispanic teocalli
(temples) of San Pablo and San Sebastián with
the later churches; he suggests the teocalli of