222 • noTes To Pages 139–165
containing a serpent, but in Genaro García 30
is shown with a winged serpent.
- While Nahuatl had long and short vowels,
the pictographic writing system ignored them.
Thus “pāmitl” (banner), with its long a, could
be used as a phoneme for “pan” (upon), with a
short a. - Tezozomoc, Crónica mexicayotl, 61.
- The residencia of Guzmán is mentioned in
Chimalpahin, Codex Chimalpahin, 2:177, and in
Tezozomoc, Crónica mexicayotl, 175. - Rousseau, quoted in Jacques Derrida,
Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty
Spivak, 27; Saussure discussed in “Linguistics
and Grammatology,” in Of Grammatology, 27–73;
Derrida, Of Grammatology, 41, 52. - Derrida develops a related set of ideas
in “The End of the Book and the Beginning of
Writing,” in Of Grammatology, 6–26. - Sahagún, Florentine Codex, bk. 9, esp. chs.
14–19, pp. 63–85. - This translation found in Chimalpahin,
Codex Chimalpahin, 1:173. Many indigenous
leaders of central Mexico joined Antonio
de Mendoza in this campaign against the
Chichimecs. See Joaquín García Icazbalceta,
ed., “Relacion de la jornada de don Francisco de
Sandoval Acazitli,” in Colección de documentos
para la historia de México, 2:307–332. - Epidemics summarized in Peter Gerhard,
Geografía histórica de la Nueva España 1519–1821,
trans. Stella Mastrangelo, 23. - Alonso de Zorita, Life and Labor in
Ancient Mexico: The Brief and Summary Relation
of the Lords of New Spain, ed. and trans. Benja-
min Keen, 212. - Acuña-Soto et al., “Megadrought and
Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico.” - Bejarano, Actas de cabildo, June 21, 1546.
- Ruiz Medrano, Reshaping New Spain.
- See the discussion in Castañeda de la Paz,
“Sibling Maps, Spatial Rivalries.” - According to María Castañeda de la Paz,
from 1551 indigenous lords were obliged to pay
the laborers who worked their lands (personal
communication, 2009). The shift in support is
detailed by Gibson, The Aztecs under Spanish
Rule, 185–188. - See, for instance, Bejarano, Actas de
cabildo, November 11, 1533. This case is to be
found in Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico,
Tierras 35, exp. 2, and is an earlier lawsuit folded
into a later one. - The career of Tejada is covered in Ruiz
Medrano, Reshaping New Spain. A juicio de
residencia is to be found in Archivo General de
Indias, Seville, Justicia 260. - Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico,
Tierras 35, exp. 2, fol. 62. - Bejarano, Actas de cabildo, July 19, 1549.
46. Woodrow Wilson Borah, Justice by
Insurance: The General Indian Court of Colonial
Mexico and the Legal Aides of the Half-Real.
47. The text reads: “El dicho don Diego
tiránicamente con poco temor de Dios nuestro
señor nos las quito por fuerza, algunos echando
en la cárcel, a otros desterrados y otros dándoles
tormentos y otras muchas molestias.” Codex
Cozcatzin, fol. 9v. The Codex Cozcatzin has
been published by Ana Rita Valero de García
Lascuráin in Los códices de Ixhuatepec: Un
testimonio pictográfico de dos siglos de conflicto
agrario. Some historians have mistakenly said
the complaint was filed against the governor
of Tlatelolco, but if this were the case, the
complainants would have identified themselves
as from Tlatelolco, not Mexico. The correct
attribution is to be found in López Mora,
“El cacicazgo de Diego de Mendoza Austria y
Moctezuma,” 232. The group of documents is
also discussed by Castañeda de la Paz, “Filología
de un ‘Corpus’ pintado.”
48. Castañeda de la Paz, “Historia de una
casa real,” 14, names Dionosio as being from San
Pablo. Chimalpahin, Annals of His Time, 301,
says Tehuetzquititzin is from San Pablo.
49. Bernardino de Sahagún, Primeros
memoriales, trans. Thelma Sullivan, facsimile,
55v; Eduard Seler, “Ancient Mexican Attire and
Insignia of Social and Military Rank,” 3:3–61,
esp. 5–16.
50. Durán, History, 124.
51. Zorita, Life and Labor in Ancient Mexico,
188–189.
52. Connell, After Moctezuma, 22–54.
53. Chávez Orozco, Códice Osuna, 48, 111. The
source is Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico,
Civil 644.
54. For instance, the daughter of don Andrés
de Tapia Motelchiuhtzin, the gobernador of
Mexico from 1526 to 1530, married the native
gobernador of Izcuincuitlapilco, a town to the
south of Actopan, Hidalgo. Archivo General de
la Nación, Mexico, Tierras 46, exp. 4.
55. Reproduced in Pérez-Rocha and Tena,
La nobleza indígena, 199–200.
56. The Codex Aubin notes that Guzmán
“habrían de investigar a don Diego” (would have
to investigate don Diego [Tehuetzquititzin]),
Dibble, Códice Aubin.
57. Guzmán appears in the ruler list of the
Plano Parcial de la Ciudad de México; the
Codex Aubin notes his accession, as does the
Tira de Tepechpan. Lori Boornazian Diel, Tira
de Tepechpan: Negotiating Place under Aztec and
Spanish Rule.
58. Pilar Arregui Zamorano, La Audiencia
de México según los visitadores, siglos xvi y xvii;
Gerónimo Valderrama, “Cartas del licenciado
Jerónimo Valderrama y otros documentos
sobre su visita al gobierno de Nueva España,
1563–1565.”- The Codex Osuna, created under the
auspices of the native cabildo and governors,
shows them at their best; Cortés Alonso,
Pintura del gobernador, alcaldes y regidores de
México: Códice Osuna. Complaints by the native
community that Guzmán’s reforms were never
carried out are alluded to in Archivo General
de la Nación, Mexico, Civil 644, reproduced in
Chávez Orozco, Códice Osuna, 13, 47, 49, 56. - Escalante Gonzalbo, Los Códices
mesoamericanos, 286–292. - Cortés Alonso, Pintura del gobernador,
alcaldes y regidores de México: Códice Osuna,
fol. 9v. - Pérez-Rocha and Tena, La nobleza
indígena, 192. - These monies would directly benefit
the church, rather than, as was the existing
case, having Indians pay tribute to the Crown,
from which funds to support the Crown were
extracted. The native position is clear: tithing
would have been an addition to their tax burden.
Also, the mendicants, headed by the Augustin-
ian theologian Alonso de Vera Cruz, argued
vociferously to the king that the collection of
tithes would destroy native faith in the church.
Magnus Lundberg, Unification and Conflict:
The Church Politics of Alonso de Montúfar, O.P.,
Archbishop of Mexico, 1554–1572, 155. Guzmán
certainly knew of these disputes—Vera Cruz
preached publicly on the danger of tithes, and
the native leaders themselves were asked for
their opinions on the matter by the Crown in - Their responses are in Archivo General de
la Nación, Mexico, Justicia 160, cited in Lund-
berg. The tithes seem not to have been imposed.
Lundberg, Unification and Conflict, 158–159. - Pérez-Rocha and Tena, La nobleza
indígena, 191–200. - On sweeping, see Louise M. Burkhart,
The Slippery Earth: Nahua-Christian Moral
Dialogue in Sixteenth-Century Mexico, 117–125. - Mendieta, Historia eclesiástica indiana,
bk. 4, ch. 18, 429. - George Kubler points out the sacred
and ritual nature of building activities, giving
the construction of the tecpan at Santiago
Tlatelolco as an example: “Using the symbols
and expressions of Christianity, the Indians
attempted to identify their work with religious
behavior.” Kubler, Mexican Architecture of the
Sixteenth Century, 1:157. The construction of
the Mexico City tecpan was punctuated by
similar rituals. See Reyes García, Anales de Juan
Bautista, 155. - Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico,
Tierras 37, exp. 2. I thank Edward Calnek for
bringing this document to my attention.