index • 237at Chapel of San José de los Naturales, 117;
and Gante, 118; and Glapión, 118; indigenous
nobles’ letter to, 133; length of reign, 94;
longevity of rule, 180; and Map of Santa
Cruz, 108; and Mendoza, 100–101; and
Moteuczoma II’s gift, 106; recall of Cortés, 83
Chavero, Alfredo, 216n35
Chichimecacihuatl, Magdalena, 187
Chichimecs, 83, 119, 156, 194, 222n34
Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, Domingo
de San Antón Muñón: on Ayoticpac, 97; on
banner showing list of indigenous rulers,
220n53; on Chapultepec aqueduct, 204;
Codex Chimalpahin, 31–32, 34; on epidemic,
203; on images of saints, 173; on mitotes, 187;
on Motelchiuhtzin, 83; on processions, 175,
176; on Tehuetzquititzin, 156; on Valeriano,
191; on Xochiquentzin, 83
Chimalpopoca (r. 1417–1427), 61
chinampas (raised beds): and Acuecuexco
aqueduct, 64; and canals, 34, 35, 38, 77, 84,
197; construction of, 35, 52; and effect of
Conquest on lake system, 75; and floods,
43; as intensive agriculture, 35; in Map of
Tenochtitlan from Cortés’s Second Letter,
17–18, 17 ; Map showing chinampas, 34, 34 ;
post-Conquest abandonment of, 72; post-
Conquest use by indigenous peoples, 77, 80;
salty lakes threatening, 35; in Xochimilco, 71
Cholula, 25–26
Christian conversion: and Franciscans, 24, 102–
103, 106, 113, 114, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 175,
180, 211; and Gregory I, 119; and Huanitzin,
106, 107, 113; and indigenous gobernadores,
99; and religious festivals, 170, 171; and
representation of urban space, 96
Christian iconography: and axes, 175–178, 212;
and featherwork, 106, 107
Churubusco aqueduct, 198, 199, 202
Cihuacoatl (female deity), 58
Cipactzin, Luis de Santa María (r. 1563–1565):
death of, 191; as gobernador, 77, 163, 187, 189; in
Plano Parcial de la Ciudad de México, 77, 79 ;
wedding celebration of, 187–188
cities: biological metaphors of, 3; locating of,
9–10; as metaphor, 3–5, 7–9; social space
of, 10; as space, 10–14. See also Mexico City;
Mexico-Tenochtitlan (indigenous ring city);
Tenochtitlan
ciudades: indigenous centers granted status of,
133, 221n5; Spanish political ideologies of, 10,
104, 129, 130–131, 133, 135
civitas, ideology of, 210
Coatepantli, 110
Coatepec (serpent hill): Birth of Huitzilopochtli
in the Florentine Codex, 29, 30 , 48, 51, 61; as
main pyramid at Tenochtitlan, 26, 29, 30, 51
Coatlicue, 29, 69
Codex Aubin: annals history of Tenochtitlan
and Mexico City, 8–9, 10; arrival at
Chapultepec, 9, 9 , 31, 61, 193; death of
Cuitlahua, 8, 8 , 81; on Guzmán’s accession,
222n57; and lived spaces, 37; on origin of
Nahuatl name, “Mexico,” 128; as pictographic-
alphabetic manuscript, 13; reigns of
Huanitzin and Tehuetzquititzin, 100, 100 , 139,
156–157
Codex Borbonicus: Chalchiuhtlicue, 43–44, 44 ,
65, 66, 67; tonalamatl calendar in, 65
Codex Borgia, world tree, 48, 48
Codex Boturini. See Tira de la Peregrinación
Codex Cozcatzin: Moteuczoma II and his
children, 192 , 193, 225n11; on tecpan, 223n69;
on Tehuetzquititzin, 193
Codex en Cruz, 218n54
Codex Fejérváry-Mayer: quincunx motif in, 34,
107; world diagram, 33 , 34, 48, 107
Codex Ixtlilxochitl: portrait of Nezahualcoyotl,
55, 56 , 184; portrait of Nezahualpilli, 56,
56 , 62, 83, 107; portrait of Tocuepotzin, 159 ,
163, 190
Codex Mendoza: ambiguous presentation of
dates in, 7–8; and cihuacoatl glyph, 81; on
clans of Tenochtitlan, 58; cloaks listed in, 159;
on conquests of Mexica rulers, 45; feathered
ensembles, 184, 224n63; the foundation of
Tenochtitlan, 4–5, 4 , 7, 8, 11, 32, 34, 35, 46–47,
48, 49, 51, 107, 111, 131, 156, 193, 207; and glyph
of Tenochtitlan, 65, 131, 151; and indigenous
pictography, 3, 4, 5, 13, 140; on Itzcoatl, 37;
Mexica scribes creating, 3–4, 8, 111; on Mexica
society, 111; palace architecture presented in,
111; palace of Moteuczoma, 111–112, 112 , 164,
165; as pictographic-alphabetic manuscript,
13, 140; as pictorial history of city, 3, 4–5,
7–8, 9, 24; place-names in, 49–50, 49 , 131;
pre-Hispanic huei tlatoque in, 100; the reign
and conquests of Moteuczoma II, 5, 6 , 7, 7 ,
8, 45, 100, 111; symbol for tianquiztli in, 12,
12 ; tequihua, or seasoned warrior, 184, 184 ;
tribute from Tochtepec, 53, 54 , 55, 111, 156,
184; tributes demanded by Mexica rulers, 53
Codex Osuna: diagram of Mexico-Tenochtitlan,
124 , 125, 165, 178; former altepeme of the
Triple Alliance, 134 , 135; and Esteban de
Guzmán, 163–167; and indigenous rulers, 163,
222n59; and legal disputes, 163, 165–166, 189,
225n8; as pictographic-alphabetic manuscript,
13; and San Lázaro dike, 201–202, 201 ; tecpan
of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 109–110, 109 , 111, 125,
127, 163–164, 165, 167; Viceroy Luis de Velasco
and don Esteban de Guzmán, 162 , 163,
164–165; Viceroy Luis de Velasco deputizing
the alguaciles, 163, 164 , 200
Codex Santa Anita Zactlalmanco, 218n56
Codex Telleriano-Remensis, and dike of
Nezahualcoyotl, 38
Codex Tlatelolco: and bells of monasteries,
223n38; and mitotes, 181 , 183–185, 186; and
Oath of Allegiance of 1557, 180–182, 181 ,183, 184, 224n63; as pictographic-alphabetic
manuscript, 13; and tecpan of Santiago
Tlatelolco, 110, 110
Codex Vaticanus A, 223n70
Códice Cozcatzin, 219n39
cofradías (religious sodalities): and Catholic
patron saints, 156, 169, 173, 223n20; and
processions, 169, 171, 173–175, 179
Columbus, Christopher, 130
Connell, William, 15
Connerton, Paul, 14, 174
Conway, Richard, 18
Copil, 31–34, 47, 50
Copilco, 23
Corpus Christi, feast of, 94, 95, 96
Cortés, Hernando: and aquatic infrastructure,
197, 199; Charles V’s recall of, 83;
Cuauhtemoc’s surrender to, 3, 95; fall of, 100;
and Franciscans, 113, 116; gifts of feathered
works, 106, 107; Honduras campaign of,
82, 83, 84, 102, 116, 126, 156; and indigenous
elites, 82, 101; letters to Charles V of Spain, 1,
10, 17, 27, 75, 131, 211; on markets, 81, 217n28;
metro station named after, 20; and Mexico
City as “ciudad,” 130–131, 135; and Mexico
City’s governance, 82–83, 95, 217n35; and
Moteuczoma II, 21, 45, 53, 77, 106; palaces
built for, 73, 76, 94, 167, 194, 210; parceling
out lands of Tenochtitlan, 72, 110, 118, 123;
place-names in letters of, 131, 135; residences
of, 76, 97; and siege of Tenochtitlan, 75;
Tenochtitlan’s destruction described by, 1, 9;
Third Letter, 1; on Tianguis of Mexico, 80;
and Juan Velázquez Tlacotzin, 81, 82, 118; and
Triple Alliance of 1428, 21. See also Map of
Tenochtitlan from Cortés’s Second Letter
Cortés, Luis, 224n52
Cortés, Martín, 189, 191
Cortés Totoquihuaztli, Antonio, 182
cosmovision, 28–29, 31, 45, 50, 175
Costa Rica, 55
Council of the Indies, on Spanish cabildo’s right
to apportion land, 93
Covarrubias, Luis, View of the Valley of Mexico,
25–26, 25 , 28, 29
Coyoacan, 20, 35, 64, 76, 86
Coyolxauhqui (female lunar deity), 29, 30 , 33–34,
45, 48
Coyotlinahual (deity), 156
Cuauhtemoc (Mexica emperor) (r. 1520–1525):
captivity of, 76; Cortés’s hanging of, 20,
82, 156, 210; in Humboldt Fragment II, 82 ,
83, 100; metro station named after, 20; in
Plano Parcial de la Ciudad de México, 77,
79 ; purging of competitors, 102; surrender
of, 3, 14, 20, 72, 95, 98; and Juan Velázquez
Tlacotzin, 81
Cuauhtepec, 25
cuauhxicalli (eagle vessel), 68
Cuepopan: as altepetl, 18, 57, 58, 73, 128; teocalli