- UNNATURALLY COOL183
- Jim Krane, City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism (New York: St. Martin’s,
2009), 89. - Hiba Nayif Khalil Harara, “Restructuring the Electricity Supply Industry in the King-
dom of Bahrain and Its Implications for a Unified GCC Structure,” University of
Hull, 2008, 183. - Khalil Harara, “Restructuring the Electricity Supply Industry,” 184.
- Electricity and Co- Generation Regulatory Authority, “2015 Annual Statistical Booklet for
Electricity and Seawater Desalination Industries,” statistical bulletin (Riyadh:
E C R A , 2 0 1 6 ) , h t t p : / / w w w. e c r a. g o v. s a / e n - u s / M e d i a C e n t e r / D o c L i b 2 / L i s t s / S u b C a t e
gory_Library /Statistical%20Booklets%202015 .pdf. - Electricity tariff and cost details are from the Kuwait Ministry of Electricity and
Water, in data received and interviews conducted during visits in March 2012. Jaffar
et al. put government costs of electricity provision at 16 US cents per kWh. The long-
standing tariff of 0.7 cents covers about 4.4 percent of the cost. B. Jaffar, T. Oreszc-
zyn, and R. Raslan, “A Framework to Evaluate the Energy Efficiency Potential of
Kuwaiti Homes,” WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 186 (2014): 25–
38, https: //doi .org /10 .2495 /ESUS140031. Even so, Kuwait only manages to collect about
half the revenues it is owed. International Business Publications, Kuwait Energy Pol-
icy, Laws and Regulations Handbook, vol. 1: Strategic Information and Basic Laws
(Washington, DC: International Business Publications, 2015). - Although falling commodity prices toward the end of 2014 reduced the implied
opportunity cost of low domestic prices. International Energy Agency, Fossil Fuel
Subsidies Database, 2015 World Energy Outlook. - This theme is addressed in greater detail in Jim Krane, “Guzzling in the Gulf: The
Monarchies Face a Threat from Within,” Foreign Affairs, December 19, 2014, http: //
w w w. f o r e i g n a ff a i r s. c o m / a r t i c l e s / 1 4 2 6 9 2 / j i m - k r a n e / g u z z l i n g - i n - t h e - g u l f ; a n d J i m
Krane, “Stability Versus Sustainability: Energy Policy in the Gulf Monarchies,” PhD
d i s s. , U n i v e r s i t y o f C a m b r i d g e , 2 0 1 4 , h t t p : / / d x. d o i. o r g / 1 0. 1 7 8 6 3 / C A M. 5 9 4 3. - Michael O’Hanlon, “How Much Does the United States Spend Protecting Persian Gulf
Oil?” in Energy Security: Economics, Politics, Strategies, and Implications (Washing-
ton, DC: Brookings, 2010), 59– 72. - The useful “oil for security” paradigm underestimates the strength and rationale
underpinning the Washington- Riyadh friendship. Other shared factors include a long
tradition of US- educated Saudi elites in key positions, a shared and deep Cold War
aversion to the Soviet Union and Soviet atheism, and mutual hostility toward Iran and
Syria (and Russia’s backing of those regimes). See Rachel Bronson, “Understanding
US- Saudi Relations,” in Saudi Arabia in the Balance, ed. Paul Aarts and Gerd Non-
neman (London: Hurst, 2006), 372– 98. - Arizona average household electricity costs were $1,358 per year versus just $994 for
Abu Dhabi nationals and $1,060 for expatriate residents in the emirate. - Academic estimates of price elasticity on various energy products in the Gulf range
from zero to −0.46. Naief H. Al- Mutairi and M. Nagy Eltony, “Price and Income Elas-
ticities of Energy Demand: Some Estimates for Kuwait Using Two Econometric
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