204INDEXReza Pahlavi, Mohammad (shah of Iran), 43,
56, 98
Riyadh, 11, 13, 20, 24, 26, 38, 49, 120, 121,
125, 130, 131, 135, 167, 169
Riyadh– Dammam passenger railway, 38
Rockefeller, John D., 30
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (US president), 14,
38, 53
Ross, Arthur, 50– 51
Rothschild (family), 29
Rouhani, Hassan (Iranian president), 102
Royal Dutch Shell (Shell Oil Co.), 20, 36, 41,
45, 48, 105, 164, 166
Royal Navy (UK), 29, 98
Rub‘ al- Khali desert, 21, 28
Rumhy, Mohammed bin Hamad al- (oil
minister of Oman), 85– 86, 88, 90, 154
Sabah, al- (ruling family of Kuwait),
16– 17, 24
Sabah, Sabah al- (ruler of Kuwait), 137– 138
Sadara Chemical Co. (Saudi Arabia),
160– 161
Sadat, Anwar (Egyptian president), 46
Said bin Taimur (sultan of Oman), 23, 53
Said, al- (ruling family of Oman), 24
Salafi Islam (Wahhabi), 14, 20, 116
Salman bin Abdul- Aziz al- Saud (King
Salman), 121, 124, 126, 130, 132,
134– 135, 161– 162
Sandhurst, 54
Sanea, Yaqoub al- (justice minister of
Kuwait), 138
Satorp refinery (in Saudi Arabia), 161
Saud, Abdul- Aziz al- , or Ibn (king of Saudi
Arabia), 13– 14, 26, 31– 32, 34, 38, 121
Saud, Abdullah bin Abdul- Aziz al- (king of
Saudi Arabia) 116– 121, 124, 132, 135, 167
Saud, Abdulrahman Sabah, 136– 137
Saud, al- (family of Saudi Arabia), 13– 15, 24,
36– 37, 90, 122
Saud, Faisal bin Abdul Aziz al- (king of
Saudi Arabia), 1, 6, 46– 47
Saud, Muhammad bin Nayef al- , 121, 123
Saud, Muhammad bin Salman al- , or MbS,
121– 125, 128, 134
Saudi Arabia, 1– 3, 13– 16, 19– 20,22– 24, 26,
37– 38, 56, 72– 73, 82, 84, 88, 89, 97, 102,
113, 115– 117, 123– 124,133, 136, 140, 146,
149, 151, 153, 156– 157, 160– 161, 163;
Citizen’s Account program, 125– 126, 150;
climate change and, 164, 166, 168– 169;
Department of Zakat and Income Tax, 57;
discovery of oil in, 2, 29, 31– 35; Emirate
of Diriyah, 13; Emirate of Nejd, 13– 14;
energy demand of, 67– 71, 74, 83,
129– 131; energy subsidies, 57– 58, 77, 93,
116– 117, 124; energy- subsidy reform in,
96, 117, 124– 128, 134– 135, 152; “modern
kingdom,” 13– 14; oil concession
negotiations in, 39, 44– 45; oil embargo
and, 45– 49; oil reserves of, 12, 33, 36– 39,
46, 68; Ottoman presence in, 9, 13, 14;
as “swing producer” of oil, 15– 16;
relationship with US, 2, 14– 15, 38, 46, 79,
164; renewable energy in, 94; tax,
abolishment of, 57
Saudi Aramco, 59, 117, 119, 122, 129,
131– 133, 161, 163– 164, 166– 168
Saudi Electricity Company, 129
Saudi Ministry of Social Affairs, 120
Seven Sisters, 36, 40– 42, 44, 50, 163;
Achnacarry Agreement, 40
shah of Iran. See Reza Pahlavi, Mohammad
shale revolution, US, 163– 164, 170
Sharjah (UAE), 17– 18, 103, 147, 152, 155, 174
Shehri, Abdullah al- , 118– 121, 124, 135
Sheikh, Mohammed al- , 122
sheikhs and sheikhdoms, 2, 10, 16, 20, 24,
26– 27, 33, 96, 106, 112, 117, 137, 148
Shia Houthi, 138
Shia Islam, 13– 14, 24, 125, 134, 136, 137,
146, 163
Shura Council (Saudi Arabia), 117, 118
Silk Road, 7
Sinai Peninsula (Egypt), 47