William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

A72 Glossary/Index

discretionary spending, 553, 553 Expen-

ditures that can be cut from the

budget without changing the under-

lying law, which is everything other

than defense, entitlements, and

interest on the debt.

discrimination, 159

against African Americans, 61, 81,

88, 91–92, 97, 148–50, 153–54, 159,

173, 175, 183, 194, 267

age, 91, 92, 97

against Asian Americans, 150, 155,

191, 194

civil rights in protection from,

148–97

current issues in, 188, 189

against disabled people, 89, 97, 185

disparate impact standard on, 174

in employment, 91, 92, 159, 174, 175,

180, 180–81, 181, 184, 185

in housing, 159, 183

intermediate scrutiny test in, 177,

178, 179

investigated by U.S. Commission on

Civil Rights, 150–51

against Latinos, 154, 159

in law enforcement, 148–50,

163–64

against LGBTQ people, 97, 143, 150,

157–58, 159, 181–82, 185, 194

liberal policies against, 94

against Muslims, 58

political conflicts in, 18

in protectionism, 156–57, 176

rational basis test in, 176, 177, 178,

179, 181

remedial legislation in, 92

in restaurants, 61, 80, 153, 167–68

reverse, 150, 189, 190, 191, 194

separate but equal doctrine in,

153–54, 168, 267

state laws on, 97

strict scrutiny test in, 176–77, 178,

179

suspect classification in, 176–77,

178, 181

viewpoint, 123

in voting access, 159–61, 174–76, 183

against women, 150, 156–57, 159,

176–81, 183–84, 185, 500

disenfranchised, 153 To have been

denied the ability to exercise a right,

such as the right to vote.

disparate impact standard, 1 74 The

idea that discrimination exists if a

practice has a negative effect on a

specific group, whether or not this

effect was intentional.

dissenting opinions of Supreme Court,

513–1 4 , 514

distributive theory, 403 The idea that

members of Congress will join

committees that best serve the

interests of their district and that

committee members will support

one another’s legislation.

district courts, 491, 4 9 7, 499, 500 Lower-

level trial courts of the federal

judicial system that handle most

U.S. federal cases.

divided government, 286, 584 A situa-

tion in which the House, Senate,

and presidency are not controlled

by the same party—for example,

when Democrats hold the majority

of House and Senate seats and the

president is a Republican.

DNA evidence, 133–34, 140

Doctors without Borders, 636

Dodd-Frank law, 561

dollar, value of, 564

Dominican Republic, 638

domino theory, 622 An idea held by

American foreign policy makers

during the Cold War that the

creation of one Soviet-backed

communist nation would lead to

the spread of communism in that

nation’s region.

Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Repeal Act, 186

Doolittle, Amos, 49

double jeopardy, 138 Being tried

twice for the same crime. This is

prevented by the Fifth Amendment.

Dougall, John, 279

Douglas, William O., 140, 141, 508

DREAM Act, 232, 233, 374, 376, 414, 425

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 78, 79, 79–80,

109, 152, 493

drinking age, 177, 179, 591

drone aircraft, 436, 437, 460, 624, 625

antiterrorism use of, 436, 437, 625,

628, 642, 646, 648

drugs

dogs detecting, 106, 107

FDA approval of, 457, 461, 462–63,

482, 482 , 483

marijuana, 15, 95, 364, 591

Medicare benefits for, 365, 465, 578,

587, 599, 603

overdose and addiction problems,

590

performance-enhancing, 135

search and seizure procedures, 106,

107, 13 4

testing for, 135

Drum, Kevin, 238

D’Souza, Dinesh, 433

dual federalism, 78, 79–80, 81, 82, 83 ,

88, 493 The form of federalism

favored by Chief Justice Roger

Taney, in which national and state

governments are seen as distinct

entities providing separate services.

This model limits the power of the

national government.

Duckworth, Tammy, 387

due process, 21, 57

and capital punishment, 64

and Dred Scott decision, 79

Eighth Amendment on, 139–40

Fifth Amendment on, 137–38, 182

Fourteenth Amendment on, 80, 92,

109, 182

Fourth Amendment on, 132–36

Sixth Amendment on, 138–39

substantive, 182

due process clause, 109, 182 Part of

the Fourteenth Amendment that

forbids states from denying “life,

liberty, or property” to any person

without due process of law. (A nearly

identical clause in the Fifth Amend-

ment applies only to the national

government.)

due process rights, 132, The idea that laws

and legal proceedings must be fair.

The Constitution guarantees that

the government cannot take away

a person’s “life, liberty, or property,

Full_23_APT_64431_GLO_IND_A61-A114.indd 72 19/11/18 3:15 PM