William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

Glossary/Index A93

presidential election of 2016 in, 12,

216, 249, 287, 305, 305, 307, 309,

332, 530

redistricting in, 390, 392

slavery in, 47

special election in (2018), 309

Pentagon, terrorist attack on, 624,

624

Pentagon Papers, 125

People for the Ethical Treatment of

Animals (PETA), 351

per curiam opinions, 514

perestroika, 622

Perez, Tom, 265, 270

performance-enhancing drugs, 135

Pericles, 14

Perot, Ross, 287–88, 308

Perry, James L., 476

Perry, Rick, 90

Persian Gulf War, 423

Pew Research Center, 213, 266, 474

peyote in religious ceremonies, 116,

117

pharmaceutical industry, 346, 365

Pharmaceutical Research and

Manufacturers of America, 346, 365

Philadelphia Eagles football team, 405,

408

Philippines, 620

Phillips, Jack, 116

phone use

privacy and security in, 58, 132, 134,

381

surveillance of, 135–36

picket fence federalism, 82, 83 , 84, 85 A

more refined and realistic form of

cooperative federalism in which

policy makers within a particular

policy area work together across the

levels of government.

Pierce, Franklin, 421

Pinckney, Charles, 106

“Pizzagate,” 4, 26

plaintiff, 494–95 The person or party

who brings a case to court.

Planned Parenthood, 140, 239, 360

plea bargaining, 495 Negotiating an

agreement between a plaintiff and

a defendant to settle a case before it

goes to trial or the verdict is decided.

In a civil case, this usually involves

an admission of guilt and an agree-

ment on monetary damages; in a

criminal case, this often involves

an admission of guilt in return for a

reduced charge or sentence.

Pledge of Allegiance, 508

Plessy v. Ferguson, 153 , 173

pluralism, 41, 343 The idea that

having a variety of parties and

interests within a government

will strengthen the system, ensur-

ing that no group possesses total

control.

plurality opinions, 514

plurality voting, 20, 288, 301 A voting

system in which the candidate who

receives the most votes within a

geographic area wins the election,

regardless of whether that candi-

date wins a majority (more than

half ) of the votes.

pocket veto, 409, 430 The automatic

death of a bill passed by the House

and Senate when the president fails

to sign the bill in the last 10 days of a

legislative session.

Podesta, John, 245

Pod Save America, 238

Pointer v. Texas, 113

Poland, 559

polarization, ideological. See ideologi-

cal polarization

police, 6, 7, 88

interrogations of, 137

racial profiling by, 148–50, 163

shooting of African Americans, 163,

163–64, 165, 171

police patrol oversight, 481 A method

of oversight in which members of

Congress constantly monitor the

bureaucracy to make sure that laws

are implemented correctly.

police powers, 73 The power to enforce

laws and provide for public safety.

policy agenda, 586–87 The set of desired

policies that political leaders view as

their top priorities.

policy mood, 224–26, 225 , 226 The level

of public support for expanding

the government’s role in society;

whether the public wants govern-

ment action on a specific issue.

political action committees (PACs), 269,

362 An interest group or a division

of an interest group that can raise

money to contribute to campaigns

or to spend on ads in support of

candidates. The amount a PAC can

receive from each of its donors and

the amount it can spend on federal

electioneering are strictly limited.

in campaign financing, 269, 281, 321,

321, 322, 322, 361, 362

party affiliation of, 269

and Super PACs, 322, 361, 362, 363

political appointees, 456 People selected

by an elected leader, such as the

president, to hold a government

position.

political equality, 22, 38

political influences on Supreme Court,

514–15, 517–20

political information, 232–61

in attack journalism, 255

bias and partisanship in, 248–50

by-product theory on, 239–40, 243

critical analysis of, 24–26

in democracy, 253

fake news in, 2–4, 25–26, 127, 234, 239,

239, 248

filtering of, 246–47, 250–51

framing of, 246–47, 250–51, 255

hard news in, 255, 257

Internet as source of, 234, 236–39,

238, 239, 254

lack of citizen interest in,

253–54

leaking of, 125, 243–45, 244

priming of, 246–47

publication process, 246–47

reliability of, 256, 258

soft news in, 255, 257

sources used for, 239–41, 240

and voting decisions, 327–28

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