A94 Glossary/Indexpolitical parties, 262–95. See also specific
parties.
accountability function of, 286–87,
291
brand identity of, 270, 313, 398
in campaign financing, 281, 281–84,
284, 290, 321, 322, 323, 324
coalitions in, 276, 276 –7 7
in Congress, 271–72, 284–87, 290–91,
396–402, 403
and cooperation in government,
284–87, 290–91
in divided government, 286
economic policies of, 15, 32, 530, 532,
580–82, 586
in election process, 278–84, 286–90,
291, 292, 296, 299, 314
on health insurance, 45, 572–74, 578,
599, 601, 602, 603, 610
history of, 265, 265–68
identification with. See party
identification
and ideological polarization, 220,
221, 272, 273, 2 7 7, 400–401
ideology in, 19, 23
issue ownership in, 270
legislative influence of, 284–87, 290
minor, 287–88, 308
organization of, 264, 265, 265, 2 67,
268–70, 292
party in electorate, 264
party in government, 264, 265,
270 –7 2
party in the electorate, 264, 265,
27 2 –7 7
platform of, 284, 290, 292, 299, 304,
313–15
policy priorities in, 270, 271, 272,
276–77, 284, 288, 289–90
president as leader of, 447–48
public opinion on, 262, 264
racial, gender, and ethnic identity
in, 17–19
realignments of, 267–68
in recruiting and nominating candi-
dates, 278–81, 289
in redistricting, 390, 391, 392
role of, 278–88
social policies of, 580–84, 583, 585
on Social Security, 595, 596–97
in split ticket and straight ticket
voting, 328
and spoils system, 266
trade policies of, 566–67in unified government, 286
in wave elections, 329, 389
political process, 8–10, 12–13, 14
citizen involvement in, 12–13, 94–97
in elections, 10, 12
in social policy, 610political socialization, 203 The process
by which an individual’s political
opinions are shaped by other people
and the surrounding culture.political speech, freedom of, 118–20, 121
politicians
accountability of, 286–87, 291, 299,
381, 383
influence on public opinion, 206–7,
207
media strategies of, 241–43
presidents as, 4 46–49
public opinion polls influencing,
219, 226–27, 227politico, 381 A member of Congress
who acts as a delegate on issues
that constituents care about (such
as immigration reform) and as a
trustee on more complex or less
salient issues (such as some foreign
policy or regulatory matters).Politico (Internet site), 236politics, 8 The process that determines
what government does.
conflicts in. See conflicts, political
in daily life, 9, 10, 13–14
process in. See political process
public opinion on, 220–27
of regulations, 561–62
of trade policies, 566–67PolitiFact, 572
p ol it y, 8
Polk, James, 421
polling places, 160, 176, 300
polls, 24–25, 59, 211–20, 647
Pollster, 238
pollution, environmental regulations
on, 560, 561
Pompeo, Mike, 627popular vote, 304, 308, 309 The votes
cast by citizens in an election.in presidential election (2016), 16,
215–16, 275–76, 308, 309, 310,
332, 333population, 211 The group of people
whom a researcher or pollster wants
to study, such as evangelicals, senior
citizens, or Americans.pork barrel, 378, 396 Legislative
appropriations that benefit specific
constituents, created with the aim
of helping local representatives win
reelection.
credit claiming on, 384
earmarks in, 396
logrolling in, 395
omnibus legislation on, 410
pornography, 128, 134, 134
Portugal, 566
Postal Service, 7, 472
poverty, 161, 162, 579–82
age of population in, 579, 581, 592, 593
Great Society programs in, 468, 577
and income inequality, 579–82
and political party of president, 583,
583–84
population in, 579
social policies in, 579–84, 586
Powell, Jerome, 546, 546
Powell v. Alabama, 113power of the purse, 54, 5 7, 412–13, 630, 632
The constitutional power of Congress
to raise and spend money. Congress
can use this as a negative or checking
power over the other branches by
freezing or cutting their funding.prayer in public schools, 106, 111,
114–15, 521, 521
preamble of Constitution, 6, 7, 75precedent, 496, 515 A legal norm estab-
lished in court cases that is then
applied to future cases dealing with
the same legal questions.president, 418–53
Cabinet of, 186, 187, 298, 440, 441
election of. See presidential
campaigns and elections
Executive Office of, 438, 438–39,
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