The Origins of Happiness

Notes to Pages 125–155

32. Alesina, Di Tella, and MacCulloch (2004).


33. See Diener, Tay, and Myers (2011). In this context Buddhists
    normally report themselves as religious, even if others question this use
    of words.


34. Diener, Tay, and Myers (2011).


35. Smith, McCullough, and Poll (2003).


36. Pargament (2002).


37. Ellison (1991).


38. Clark and Lelkes (2009).


39. Helliwell, Layard, and Sachs (2016), chapter 3.


40. Note that incomes here do not include the benefits from public
    services, which are better in richer countries.


41. On this issue, see Becchetti et al. (2013).


42. A modern example is Action for Happiness, http://www.actionforhap
    piness.org.

Chapter 9. Happiness at Older Ages

1. Definitions of older age vary across agencies and in different
   parts of the world. The ages of 60 and 65 are often used, but the World
   Health Organisation used age 50 to define an older person in the Mini-
   mum Data Set project. We do not adopt a strict definition in this chapter.


2. E.g., Stone et al. (2010).


3. Cheng, Powdthavee, and Oswald (2017).


4. Office for National Statistics. http://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepop
   ulationandcommunity/wellbeing/datasets/measuringnationalwellbe
   inglifesatisfaction.


5. Steptoe, Deaton, and Stone (2015).


6. Steptoe, Breeze, et al. (2013).


7. The proportion of nonwhite participants in ELSA is very small
   (2.1%).


8. Kahneman and Deaton (2010); Pinquart and Sorensen (2000).


9. Westerlund et al. (2009), Olesen et al. (2014).


10. Lamu and Olsen (2016).

Chapter 10. Family Income

1. See online Survey Details.


2. Income was measured at ages 3, 4, 7, 8 and 11. The log figure is
   the log of average income up to the relevant age.