Nature - 15.08.2019

Letter reSeArCH

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

InwardMergeOutwardEscape InwardMergeOutwardEscape InwardMergeOutwardEscape InwardMergeOutwardEscape

Frac (%)

tgrow = 0.2 Myr

k = 10.0

tgrow = 0.1 Myr

tgrow = 0.1 Myr

k = 10.0f = 2.0 f = 2.0

Group 1: Group 2: Group 3: Group 4:

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

InwardMergeOutwardEscape InwardMergeOutwardEscape InwardMergeOutwardEscape InwardMergeOutwardEscape

Frac (%)

f = 1.0

f = 1.5

f = 2.0

k = 5.0

k = 6.0

k = 8.0

tgrow = 0.2 Myr

tgrow = 0.3 Myr

tgrow = 0.5 Myr

f = 1.0, k = 10.0

f = 2.0, k = 10.0

f = 2.0, k = 6.0

t = 0

t = 10 tgrow

a

b

Extended Data Fig. 1 | Statistics of outcomes of four planetary embryos
under the influence of an emerging Jupiter. a, The initial configurations
of four planetary embryos divided into four groups based on the fixed
parameters shown under the group numbers. In groups 1–3, half of the
embryos are placed inside Jupiter’s orbit (labelled ‘Inward’); the other half
are outside Jupiter’s orbit (labelled ‘Outward’). In group 4, all embryos
are outside Jupiter’s orbit. The exact location of every embryo is shown
in Extended Data Table 1. b, The statistical outcomes of the dynamic

evolution after 10tgrow. Jupiter’s growth can substantially modify the orbits

of those embryos. Some embryos collided with Jupiter (labelled ‘Merge’),

and some have been ejected from the Solar System (labelled ‘Escape’).

Colours indicate different choices of the free parameters (inflation factor f

and orbital separation factor k; see methods section ‘A statistical N-body

study of embryo collisions’) as shown for each group. The height of each

bar (‘Frac’) indicates the percentage of each state.