reSeArCH Letter
0 102030405060708090
0
25
50
75
100
0
2
4
6
8
Collision angle
N
tgrow=0.1 Myr, k=10.0
Probabilit
y(%)
f=1.0
0 102030405060708090
0
25
50
75
100
125
0
2
4
6
8
Collision angle
N
Probability (%)
f=1.5
0 102030405060708090
0
25
50
75
100
125
0
2
4
6
8
Collision angle
N
Probabilit
y(%)
f=2.0
0 102030405060708090
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
0
2
4
6
8
Collision angle
N
tgrow=0.1 Myr, f=2.0
Probabilit
y(%)
k=5.0
0 102030405060708090
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
0
2
4
6
8
Collision angle
N
Probabilit
y(%)
k=6.0
0 102030405060708090
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
0
2
4
6
8
Collision angle
N
Probabilit
y(%)
k=8.0
0 102030405060708090
0
25
50
75
100
125
0
2
4
6
8
Collision angle
N
k=10, f=2.0
Probability (%)
tgrow =0.2 Myr
0 102030405060708090
0
25
50
75
100
125
0
2
4
6
8
Collision angle
N
Probability (%)
tgrow =0.3 Myr
0 102030405060708090
0
25
50
75
100
125
0
2
4
6
8
Collision angle
N
Probability (%)
tgrow =0.5 Myr
0 102030405060708090
0
25
50
75
100
0
2
4
6
8
Collision angle
N
tgrow=0.2 Myr
Probability (%)
f=1.0, k=10.0
0 102030405060708090
0
25
50
75
100
125
0
2
4
6
8
Collision angle
N
Probability (%)
f=2.0, k=10.0
0 102030405060708090
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
0
2
4
6
8
Collision angle
N
Probability (%)
f=2.0,k=6.0
a Group 1:
b Group 2:
c Group 3:
d Group 4:
Extended Data Fig. 2 | Histograms of collision angles of each dataset
presented in Extended Data Fig. 1. a, Group 1; b, group 2; c, group 3;
d, group 4. The bin size is 5°, and there are 18 bins in each plot. The
collision angle is measured in degrees. The red dashed line indicates the
median value in each case. The results suggest that head-on collisions
are more common (greater percentage probability) than grazing
collisions. Each case has a different N, but they all fall in the range
between 1,000 to 1,500.