Nature - 15.08.2019

reSeArCH Letter

0 102030405060708090

0

25

50

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100

0

2

4

6

8

Collision angle

N

tgrow=0.1 Myr, k=10.0

Probabilit

y(%)

f=1.0

0 102030405060708090

0

25

50

75

100

125

0

2

4

6

8

Collision angle

N

Probability (%)

f=1.5

0 102030405060708090

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25

50

75

100

125

0

2

4

6

8

Collision angle

N

Probabilit

y(%)

f=2.0

0 102030405060708090

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

0

2

4

6

8

Collision angle

N

tgrow=0.1 Myr, f=2.0

Probabilit

y(%)

k=5.0

0 102030405060708090

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

0

2

4

6

8

Collision angle

N

Probabilit

y(%)

k=6.0

0 102030405060708090

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

0

2

4

6

8

Collision angle

N

Probabilit

y(%)

k=8.0

0 102030405060708090

0

25

50

75

100

125

0

2

4

6

8

Collision angle

N

k=10, f=2.0

Probability (%)

tgrow =0.2 Myr

0 102030405060708090

0

25

50

75

100

125

0

2

4

6

8

Collision angle

N

Probability (%)

tgrow =0.3 Myr

0 102030405060708090

0

25

50

75

100

125

0

2

4

6

8

Collision angle

N

Probability (%)

tgrow =0.5 Myr

0 102030405060708090

0

25

50

75

100

0

2

4

6

8

Collision angle

N

tgrow=0.2 Myr

Probability (%)

f=1.0, k=10.0

0 102030405060708090

0

25

50

75

100

125

0

2

4

6

8

Collision angle

N

Probability (%)

f=2.0, k=10.0

0 102030405060708090

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

0

2

4

6

8

Collision angle

N

Probability (%)

f=2.0,k=6.0

a Group 1:

b Group 2:

c Group 3:

d Group 4:

Extended Data Fig. 2 | Histograms of collision angles of each dataset
presented in Extended Data Fig. 1. a, Group 1; b, group 2; c, group 3;
d, group 4. The bin size is 5°, and there are 18 bins in each plot. The
collision angle is measured in degrees. The red dashed line indicates the

median value in each case. The results suggest that head-on collisions

are more common (greater percentage probability) than grazing

collisions. Each case has a different N, but they all fall in the range

between 1,000 to 1,500.