Notes to Pages 87–91 2072007), 130; Donald W. Treadgold, The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Reset-
tlement from Emancipation to the First World War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957).
- See, for example, SSSA, f. 11, op. 1, d. 2369, ll. 3–5.
- RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1174, ll. 143–143ob.
- Ibid.
- Russian consulates in Constantinople, Jaffa, Izmir, Beirut, and elsewhere along Orthodox
pilgrims’ routes through Ottoman lands provided them with crucial legal, logistical, and finan-
cial services and support in getting to Jerusalem and back. On the infrastructure the IOPS built to
encourage and organize Orthodox pilgrimage to Jerusalem, see Theofanis George Stavrou, Russian
Interests in Palestine, 1882–1914: A Study of Religious and Educational Enterprise. (Thessaloniki:
Institute for Balkan Studies, 1963). - RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1202.
- Russia’s consuls estimated that between 12,000 and 15,000 Muslims (mostly Shiʿis) took the
land route through the Caucasus; another 4,000 to 7,000 the land route from Central Asia through
Afghanistan and Indian lands; and about 2,000 to 3,000 took the Black Sea route. RGIA, f. 821, op. 8,
d. 1174, ll. 127–133ob. - Ibid., ll. 138ob–140ob.
- RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1202, ll. 123ob–124ob. On KOMOCHUM, see K. M. Tokarevich and T.
I. Grekova, Po sledam minuvshikh epidemii (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1986). On the quarantine cordon,
see John Tchalenko, Images from the Endgame: Persia through a Russian Lens, 1901–1914 (London:
SAQI, 2006), 36–37. - RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1174, l. 134.
- Ne-Moriak, Za chto russkoe obshchestvo parakhodtsva i torgovli zhelaet poluchitʹ 22 milliona
rublei? (Odessa: Tip. Odesskiia Novosti, 1910). - ROPiT was founded with an imperial charter in 1856, on the initiative of Grand Duke Kon-
stantin Nikolaevich. It would become Russia’s largest shipping company. The Volunteer Fleet was not
a company but instead a state-sponsored steamship line. It had been started in 1879 with six million
rubles in donations raised by a group of Russian patriots that included the Slavophile writer Ivan
Aksakov, and Timofei Morozov, a philanthropist and member of one of Russia’s leading industri-
alist families. In 1883 the government nationalized the Volunteer Fleet and transferred it to the
Naval Ministry. See Thomas C. Owen, Dilemmas of Russian Capitalism: Fedor Chizhov and Cor-
porate Enterprise in the Railroad Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 136, 155.
See also Werner E. Mosse, “Russia and the Levant, 1856–1862: Grand Duke Constantine and the
Russian Steam Navigation Company,” Journal of Modern History 24 (1954): 39–48. On the Volunteer
Fleet charter see 2–58585 in Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii n. 22767, t. XXIII (1903). See
also S. I. Ilovaiskii, Istoricheskii ocherk piatidesiatiletiia Russkogo obshchestva parokhodstva i torgovli
(Odessa: Tip. Iuzhno-Russkago o-va pechatnago diela, 1907); M. Poggenpolʹ, Ocherk vozniknoveniia
i deiatelʹnosti Dobrovolʹnago Flota za vremia XXV-ti letniago ego sushchestvovaniia (St. Petersburg:
Tip. A. Benke, 1903), 113; and Thomas C. Sorenson, “The End of the Volunteer Fleet: Some Evidence
on the Scope of Pobedonostsev’s Power in Russia,” Slavic Review 34, no. 1 (March 1975): 131–137. - RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1174.
- Ibid., ll. 138ob–140ob.
- Ibid., l. 140ob.
- Theodore H. von Laue, Sergei Witte and the Industrialization of Russia (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1963), 5–7. - Witte was Russia’s minister of finance from 1892 to 1903. He introduced a new law on
December 1, 1894, making long-distance rail travel (more than 160 versts) much less expensive.
The effects would prove dramatic. Long-distance passenger traffic soared; the number of third-class
tickets sold between 1894 and 1912 quadrupled, from 42.5 million to 163.1 million. See Frithjof