Russian Hajj. Empire and the Pilgrimage to Mecca - Eileen Kane

(John Hannent) #1
Notes to Pages 121–126 211

Russia,” 107–108, 112. See also Abraham Ascher, P. A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Impe-
rial Russia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001).



  1. Paul W. Werth, The Tsar’s Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Impe-
    rial Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 253. See also Elena Campbell, “The Muslim
    Question in Late Imperial Russia,” in Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700–1930, ed. Jane
    Burbank, Mark von Hagen, and Anatolyi Remnev (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007),
    320–347.

  2. Muslims constituted a small and gradually decreasing minority in the Duma, a ratio deliber-
    ately engineered by the regime, which sought to block certain candidates for election and decreased
    their overall numbers over time. There were twenty-five Muslim representatives (out of 496 total) in
    the First Duma of 1906; thirty-six (out of 517) in the Second Duma of 1907; ten (out of 487) in the
    Third Duma of 1907–12; and just seven (out of 444) in the Fourth Duma of 1912–17. See Werth, The
    Tsar’s Foreign Faiths, 225.

  3. DAOO, f. 2, op. 3, d. 3391, ll. 78–81.

  4. Ibid., l. 78ob.

  5. RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1196, ll. 55–62ob.

  6. RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1202, l. 50b.

  7. M. O. Menshikov, “Uvazhenie k Islamu,” Novoe vremia, November 25, 1908.

  8. Daniel Brower, Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire (London: RoutledgeCurzon,
    2003), 74–75; Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berke-
    ley: University of California Press, 1998), 67–68; A. Zeki Veilidi Togan, Bugünkü Türkili Türkistan ve
    Yakın Tarihi (Istanbul: Enderun Kitabevi, 1981), 272–273.

  9. Eugene Schuyler, Turkistan: Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkistan, Khokand, Bukhara, and
    Kuldja (New York: Scribner, Armstrong, 1876), 1, 97–98, 157–158.

  10. Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter, Social Identity in Imperial Russia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois
    University Press, 1997).

  11. Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform, 67–68.

  12. DAOO, f. 2, op. 3, d. 3391, ll. 40ob–42, 257–258.

  13. Ibid., ll. 78ob–79ob.

  14. William R. Roff, “Sanitation and Security: The Imperial Powers and the Nineteenth-Century
    H a j j ,” Arabian Studies 6 (1982): 143–160; see also F. E. Peters, The Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca (Prince-
    ton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 266–315.

  15. DAOO, f. 2, op. 3, d. 3391, l. 77. For Russian press coverage, see the March 1908 article in
    Russkoe slovo, in RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1196, l. 8; and “Staryi Turkestanets. Palomnichestvo v Mekku,”
    Golos pravdy, no. 708 (Jan. 24, 1908), cited in Alʹfina Sibgatullina, Kontakty tiurok-musulʹman Rossi-
    iskoi i Osmanskoi imperii na rubezhe XIX–XX vv. (Moscow: Istok, 2010), 30.

  16. DAOO, f. 2, op. 3, d. 3391, l. 77.

  17. Ibid., l. 76ob.

  18. Ibid., l. 77.

  19. Ibid., ll. 79–79ob.

  20. Ibid., ll. 79ob–80.

  21. Piers Brendon, Thomas Cook: 150  Years of Popular Tourism (London: Martin Secker and
    Warburg, 1991), 110; Edmund Swinglehurst, Cook’s Tours: The Story of Popular Travel (Poole, Dorset,
    UK: Blandford Press, 1982).

  22. Louise McReynolds, “The Prerevolutionary Russian Tourist: Commercialization in the Nine-
    teenth Century,” in Turizm: The Russian and East European Tourist under Capitalism and Socialism,
    ed. Anne E. Gorsuch and Diane P. Koenker (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006), 26.

  23. In 1885 the British colonial government in India hired Thomas Cook to organize the hajj out
    of a central office in Bombay; by 1893, unhappy with the results, the government fired Cook. See

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