452 LINDA SCHWARTZ
in this class but not as a sufficient condition.^15 In fact, the presence of rester
"to stay" demonstrates that motion is furthermore not even a necessary
condition for membership. If the motion verbs included in this class are
examined more closely, however, we observe that they share a common
property not shared by motion verbs as a whole, and furthermore, a prop
erty which is not confined to motion verbs but rather includes the verb res
ter as well. This property is the implicit incorporation of endpoint of the
event. In the case of verbs of motion, this is specified either positively as
point of arrival/entry or negatively as distinct from point of departure. For
example, aller "to go", partir "to leave", sortir "to go out", monter "to go
up", descendre "to go down", tomber "to fall" all specify the endpoint nega
tively, i.e., specify that the endpoint is distinct from the point of departure,
while venir "to come", arriver "to arrive", entrer "to go in", revenir "to
come back", retourner "to return", rentrer "to come in again" all specify
point of arrival/entry, either with respect to a given location {arriver) or
with respect to the point of view of the speaker {venir). Rester "to stay"
specifies that the location at the end of the event is the same as that at the
beginning and of all points within the event. The change-of-state verbs
devenir "to become", naître "to be born", mourir "to die" all specify point
of arrival.^16 This may not seem so obvious in these cases, perhaps least of all
in the case of mourir, where it can be conceived that the focus is on either
having departed from life or arrived at death, but this can perhaps be made
clearer by examining an instance where the alternation between être and
avoir as auxiliary is possible, illustrated in (54)-(55) (examples taken from
Moignet 1981:114)
(54) a. Pierre a grandi.
Pierre has grown
"Pierre grew."
b. Pierre est grandi.
Pierre is grown
"Pierre grew up."
(55) a. Pierre a vieilli.
Pierre has aged
"Pierre got older."
b. Pierre est vieilli.
Pierre is aged
"Pierre got old."