Advances in Sociophonetics

214 Advances in Sociophonetics

V

variable rule see rule

variation 1–12, 17, 28, 31–32,

34–35, 48–50, 52, 59–61, 64,

67, 69–71, 73–74, 81, 86–89,

91–92, 98, 108, 124, 127, 131,

137–142, 144–146, 149, 151,

153–154, 157, 161–162, 164,

172–175, 179, 183–184,

191–192, 201

diatopic variation 34, 161

individual variation

8, 17, 179

intra-speaker variation 183

intratextual variation 183

phonological variation

31, 89

social variation 9, 32, 69

velarization 8, 144, 146,

151–156, 158, 160

l-velarization 8, 144, 146,

151–156, 158, 160

velum 112, 196

vocalisation/vocalization

62, 66, 71, 109, 112

l-vocalisation 66, 109, 112

voice quality 95

creaky voice 112, 115, 119

see also quality

voicing 75, 78, 81–82, 85–86,

102, 118, 122, 124–125, 150,

159, 200

s-voicing 159

vowel 9, 19–20, 23, 25–27, 34,

36, 51, 62–64, 66–68, 71–75,

77–78, 81, 83–84, 99, 101–103,

107, 109–110, 114, 116–117, 124,

127, 142–144, 147–149, 151–152,

156, 160–161, 172, 176–183, 191,

193, 197, 201

central-low vowel 178

front mid-high vowel 179

Italian vowel system 142

mid vowels 177, 183

pharygealised/uvularised

vowel 62

plain vowels 62, 68, 72,

74–75

vowel lengthening 142

vowel raising 144

vowel tracks 74

W

weakening 79, 81, 83, 91,

105–106, 146–147, 161

wordlist 62–63, 65, 67, 69,

71, 75

working class see class

Y

Yiddish 25–26