‘Locative’ -e 289
(26) Murid-murid ngèkèk-i guru-né buku. Javanese (eastern)
RED-student AV.give-LOC teacher-DEF book
‘The students gave their teacher a book.’
(27) Murid-murid ngèkèk-aké buku nang guru-né. Javanese (eastern)
RED-student AV.give-AKE book to teacher-DEF
‘The students gave a book to their teacher.’
In Balinese, the root baang ‘give’ (which indicates that the giver is either
of equal or higher rank than the recipient) is what Arka (2003) refers to as
‘symmetrical’, that is it takes no affix regardless of the whether the theme or
recipient is the immediately post-verbal argument or selected as subject of the
passive. This is illustrated in (28), in which the recipient is the object, and the
passive clauses in (29) and (30).^3
(28) Guru-ne maang murid-murid-e buku. Balinese
teacher-DEF AV.give student-RED-DEF book
‘The teacher gave the students books.’
(29) Murid-murid-e baang-a buku teken guru-ne. Balinese
student-RED-DEF give-PASS book by teacher-DEF
‘The students were given books by the teacher.’
(30) Buku baang-a murid-murid-e teken guru-ne. Balinese
book give-PASS student-RED-DEF by teacher-DEF
‘Books were given to the students by the teacher.’
Thus, the verb ‘give’ is exceptional in all languages (leaving aside Central
Javanese), but there are four different strategies for dealing with this: in Madu-
rese there are two different verbs that take no suffix; in Indonesian (and Sunda-
nese) the verb takes a suffix when the theme is subject but not when the reci-
pient is; in eastern Javanese, ‘give’ always requires a suffix, albeit different
suffixes depending on whether the theme or recipient is a core argument; and in
Balinese the stem takes no affix, regardless of whether the theme or recipient is
a core argument. These patterns nearly exhaust the logical possibilities for ex-
pressing these relations.
1.3 Verbs of communication
Another class of predicates with which the locative suffix is used is verbs of
(^3) I am indebted to Wayan Arka for the Balinese examples and discussion.