‘Locative’ -e 297
(61) Dayat ngedhung-e bine-na.
Dayat AV.sleep-LOC wife-DEF
‘Dayat slept with his wife.’
The idiosyncratic interpretation of the transitive form of tedhung and the
degraded nature of transitive forms of this class of verbs underscores the fact
that -e is used far more frequently with object voice predicates than actor voice
predicates.
1.6. Stative-intransitive verbs
A subclass of stative intransitive verbs, verbs describing emotion, can optional-
ly take an overt goal/stimulus object, as in (62) and (63). (See Chapter 6 section
4.2 for a discussion of this class of verbs.)
(62) Sinap peggel dha' Lukman.
Sinap angry to Lukman
‘Sinap is angry at Lukman.’
(63) Hosen tako' ka lar-olar.
H afraid to RED-snake
‘Hosen is afraid of snakes.’
Other verbs of this class include busen ‘bored’, dusen ‘angry’, kobater ‘worry’,
senneng ‘happy’, sossa ‘sad’, and others. In the object voice, these verbs pattern
much like the verbs of cognition (section 1.4); the ka- prefix is often required in
addition to the object voice prefix and locative suffix. (64) and (65) are the ob-
ject voice counterparts of (62) and (63), respectively.
(64) Lukman e-ka-peggel-li Sinap.
Lukman OV-KA-angry-LOC Sinap
‘Sinap is angry at Lukman.’
(65) Lar-olar e-ka-tako'-e Hosen.
RED-snake OV-KA-afraid-LOC Hosen
‘Hosen is afraid of snakes.’
As with the closely related verbs of cognition, there is some variability regard-
ing the optionality of the ka- prefix. Some speakers regularly accept object
voice without ka-, although it is considered degraded. With other verbs, such as
busen ‘bored’ and senneng ‘happy’, the acceptability of the forms without ka- is
higher; however, the forms with ka- are preferred.