338 Chapter 11 Complex sentences
Perhaps the most commonly preferred form of coordination is parataxis,
the juxtaposition of two independent clauses. The structure differs intonational-
ly from two sentences uttered sequentially in that there is a rise at the end of the
first clause and a shorter pause than is customary between two independent
sentences. The two clauses can be related in a variety of ways, illustrated in (16-
19).
(16) Hasan entar dha' Jakarta, Ali entar dha' Bali.
Hasan go to Jakarta Ali go to Bali
‘Hasan went to Jakarta, and Ali went to Bali.’
(17) Bapa' maca buku, Ebu' noles sorat.
father AV.read book mother AV.write letter
‘Father read a book, and Mother wrote a letter.’
(18) Deni ma-becce' komputer, sateya la becce'.
Deni AV.CS-good computer now already good
‘Deni fixed the computer and now it works.’
(19) Hasan biyasana ka'-kerka' e taman, sateya la nja' pole.^2
Hasan usually RED-run at park now already not again
‘Hasan used to run in the park but doesn’t anymore.’
The sentence in (16) is a simple coordination, synonymous with (2), although in
the proper context it might be interpreted as a counterfactual (for instance, if the
expectation is that Hasan and Ali traveled together as they normally do). In
(17), the clauses are most likely interpreted as simultaneous actions, although
again discourse context will play a deciding factor. The sentence in (18) estab-
lishes a cause-and-effect or temporal relation in which the action in the first
clause precedes and accounts for that in the second. Finally, the juxtaposition of
the positive and negative clauses implies a counterfactual relationship (19).
1.1 Subclausal coordination
Subclausal coordination differs from clausal coordination. Coordinating con-
junctions such as otaba ‘or’ and tape ‘but’, which are used with clauses, can be
used to coordinate constituents smaller than the clause. In (20) and (21), noun
phrases have been coordinated.
(^2) It should be noted that the temporal expression sateya ‘now’ cannot be considered a
conjunction, as is, say, pas ‘then’ in (12). Note that in (18) sateya comes in clause-final
position rather than the clause initial position found in (19). This is characteristic of
temporal adverbials but not conjunctions. Pas cannot occur clause finally.