352
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Dorling Kindersley would like to thank Allie
Collins, Sam Kennedy, and Kate Taylor for
additional editorial assistance, Alexandra Beeden
for proofreading, and Helen Peters for the index.
PICTURE CREDITS
The publisher would like to thank the following
for their kind permission to reproduce their
photographs:
(Key: A-Above; B-Below/Bottom; C-Center; F-Far;
L-Left; R-Right; T-Top)
24 Wikipedia (bc). 25 Wikipedia (tr). 27 ESO:
Dave Jones/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/3.0/ (bl). 28 Dreamstime.com: Yang Zhang
(bc). 29 Alamy Stock Photo: JTB Media
Creation, Inc. (bl). 31 Dreamstime.com:
Eranicle (br). 34 Dreamstime.com: Nicku (bl).
36 Getty Images: Bettmann (bl). 39 Tunc
Tezel (t). 45 Alamy Stock Photo: Heritage
Image Partnership Ltd (tr). 46 Alamy Stock
Photo: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd (bl). 47
Wellcome Images: http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/ (bl). 49 NASA: M. Karovska/
CXC/M.Weiss (tl). 52 Getty Images: Bettmann
(tr). 53 Wellcome Images: http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (tr). 55
Getty Images: Print Collector (tr). 59
Dreamstime.com: Brian Kushner (br). Getty
Images: UniversalImagesGroup (tl). 61
Dreamstime.com: Joseph Mercier (tr). 62-63
NASA: DLR (t). 63 Dreamstime.com: Nicku
(bl). 64 NASA: SDO/AIA (cr). 65 NASA: ESA/E.
Karkoschka (br). 68 Wellcome Images: http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (bl). 69
Science Photo Library: Science Source (tr).
70 Dreamstime.com: Zaclurs (bl). 71 NASA:
CXC/U.Texas/S. Park et al/ROSAT (bc). 72 Rice
Digital Scholarship Archive: http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (bl).
75 Dreamstime.com: Georgios Kollidas (tr).
Wikipedia (tl). 77 NASA: W. Liller (tr). 85
Dreamstime.com: Georgios Kollidas (bl).
Wikipedia (cr). 87 Adam Evans: http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ (b). 88
Dreamstime.com: Dennis Van De Water (c). 90
Science Photo Library: Edward Kinsman (br).
91 Getty Images: UniversalImagesGroup (tr).
93 Wellcome Images: http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/ (bl). 96 Wellcome Images:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (bl).
97 NASA: UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA99 (tr). 98 Getty
Images: Science & Society Picture Library (bl).
99 NASA: UCAL/MPS/DLR/IDA (bc). 100
Dreamstime.com: Dennis Van De Water (bc).
101 Wellcome Images: http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (tr).
103 NASA: SDO (br). 105 Wellcome Images:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/(tr,
bl). 107 Science Photo Library: Royal
Astronomical Society (tr). 115 NASA (tl);
Wellcome Images: http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/ (tr). 116 Dreamstime.com:
Aarstudio (cr). 117 Wikipedia (bc). 119 Getty
Images: Gallo Images (tc). Wikipedia: J E
Mayall (bl). 121 Harvard College
Observatory (tr, bl). 124-125 Science Photo
Library: Christian Darkin (b). 127 Library of
Congress, Washington, D.C. (tr). NASA (bl).
129 NASA: SDO (bc). 135 Dreamstime.com:
Kirsty Pargeter (tl). 136 NASA: ESA/Hubble
Heritage Team (tr). 139 Wikipedia (bl). 140
NASA: ESA/J. Hester/A. Loll (bc). 150
Wikipedia (bl). 152 NASA: Johns Hopkins
University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie
Institution of Washington (bl). 155 Alamy Stock
Photo: Mary Evans Picture Library (tr). 158
Alamy Stock Photo: Brian Green (bl). 160
Lowell Observatory Archives (bl). NASA (tl).
161 NASA: ESA/Z. Levay/R. van der Marel/
STScI/T. Hallas and A. Mellinger (br). 163
Alamy Stock Photo: PF-(bygone1) (tr). 164
Wikipedia: Nick Risinger (cr). 165 ESA (bl).
167 Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
(bl). NASA: SDO (tl). 169 Getty Images:
Bettmann (tr). 174 Getty Images: New York
Times Co. (bl). 175 Getty Images: Margaret
Bourke-White (tl). 177 ESA: D. Ducros (t). 179
NRAO: AUI/NSF/http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/3.0/ (cr). 181 Getty Images:
Bettmann (tr). NASA (tl). 183 Getty Images:
Ralph Morse (tr). 185 NASA: ESA/A. van der
Hoeven (cr). 186 NASA (br). 190 Princeton
Plasma Physics Laboratory: (bl). 192 ESO: Y.
Beletsky/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/3.0/ (bl). 193 ESA (br). NASA (tl). 194 NASA
(tl). 195 NASA (tr). 199 Getty Images: Express
Newspapers (tr). 200 NASA: ESA/N. Smith/
STScI/AURA (bc). 201 Getty Images: Jerry
Cooke (tr). 207 ESA (br). 208 Getty Images:
Keystone-France (cr). 209 Getty Images:
Detlev van Ravenswaay (bc). Wikipedia (tr). 211
Dreamstime.com: Mark Williamson (tr). 215
Getty Images: Handout (tr). 216 NASA: CXC/
NGST (t); GSFC/JAXA (bc). 217 ESA:
XMM-Newton/Gunther Hasinger, Nico
Cappelluti, and the XMM-COSMOS collaboration
(br). 219 NASA: ESA/M. Mechtley, R. Windhorst,
Arizona State University (bl). 220 ESO: M.
Kornmesser/http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/3.0/ (tl). 221 California Institute
of Technology (bl). NASA: L. Ferrarese (Johns
Hopkins University) (tc). 225 Science Photo
Library: Emilio Segre Visual Archives/American
Institute of Physics (tr). 226 Getty Images: Ted
Thai (bl). 227 Science Photo Library: Carlos
Clarivan (tr); Emilio Segre Visual Archives/
American Institute of Physics (bl). 230 Getty
Images: Bettmann (bl). 231 NASA: Don Davis (tl).232 NASA AMES Research Centre (bl). 233
Science Photo Library (tr). 234 NASA (tr).
234-235 NASA: Colby Gutierrez-Kraybill/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ (b).
235 NASA (tr). 237 NASA (br). 239 Getty
Images: Daily Herald Archive (tr). 241 NASA:
ESA/Z. Levay/STScI (br). 244 NASA (bl). 245
NASA: NASA Archive (tl). 246 NASA (tr, bl).
247 NASA (b). 248 NASA (tl). 249 NASA (br).
253 Brookhaven National Laboratory (tr).
254 NASA: CXC/M.Weiss (br). 262 NASA (tr).
263 NASA (bl). 264 NASA (tr). 265 Science
Photo Library: NASA/Detlev van Ravenswaay
(br). 266 NASA (tl). 267 NASA (tl). 271 NASA:
ESA/HST (bl). Science Photo Library: Detlev
van Ravenswaay (tr). 273 Getty Images: Mike
Pont (tr). 274 Massimo Ramella (bc). 275
Science Photo Library: Prof. Vincent Icke (br).
277 NASA: ESA/Hubble Heritage Team (tr). 279
ALMA Observatory: ESO/NAOJ/NRAO (bc).
ESO: A. Plunkett/http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/3.0/ (t). 282 NASA: COBE Science
Team (tr). 283 Michael Hoefner: http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (bl). 284
NASA (bl). 285 NASA (tr). 287 Getty Images:
Bettmann (bl). Science Photo Library: John R.
Foster (tr). 290 Alamy Stock Photo: EPA
European Pressphoto Agency b.v. (bl). 291
Dreamstime.com: Photoblueice (tr). 293
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center: S.
Wiessinger (b). 294 NASA: Kepler Mission/Dana
Berry (bc); Kepler Mission/Dana Berry (br). 296
NASA: ESA/E. Hallman (cr). 297 NASA: CXC/
Stanford/I. Zhuravleva et al. (br). 301 NASA (br).
302 Science Photo Library: Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory/US Department of Energy
(bl); Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory (t). 303 Dreamstime.com:
Dmitriy Karelin (br). 304 ESA/Hubble: C.
Carreau (cr). 308 NASA: UMD (bl). 309 ESA: C.
Carreau/ATG Medialab (tl). 310 Science Photo
Library: ESA/Rosetta/NAVCAM (tl). 311 ESA:
Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team/UPD/LAM/IAA/
SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA (tr). 313 Science
Photo Library: Chris Butler (br). 315
Southwest Research Institute (tr). 316
NASA: Johns Hopkins University Applied
Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute
(tl). 317 NASA: JHUAPL/SwRI (tl); JHUAPL/
SwRI (tr). 320 NASA (bl). 321 Getty Images:
Sovfoto (tl). 322 Science Photo Library: NASA
(bl). 323 NASA (tr). 324 NASA: MSSS (t). 325
Airbus Defence and Space (tr). 327 ESO:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (br);
L. Calçada/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/3.0/ (tl). 329 NASA (tl). 331 Laser
Interferometer Gravitational Wave
Observatory (LIGO) (tl).All other images © Dorling Kindersley.
For more information see: http://www.dkimages.com