Notes to Pages 13–14 153
31, 2.13–15, 17, 3.2–5, 8.7, 11.1–2, 8, 16. For an overview, see Robert Parker, “Spartan Religion,”
in CSTS, 142–72; Michael A. Flower, “Spartan ‘Religion’ and Greek ‘Religion,’ ” in SCA, 193–229;
Anton Powell, “Divination, Royalty and Insecurity in Classical Sparta,” in S B P, 85–135; and Nico-
las Richer, La Religion des Spartiates: Croyances et cultes dans l’Antiquité (Paris: Les Belles Lettres,
2012). For an intriguing attempt partially to explain why the Spartans were so exceptionally pious,
see Paul Cartledge, “Seismicity and Spartan Society,” LCM 1 (1976): 25–28. Note Stephen Hod-
kinson, “Social Order and the Conflict of Values in Classical Sparta,” Chiron 13 (1983): 239–81 (at
273–76).
- Laws made by gods: Pl. Leg. 1.634d–e. Menelaus: Soph. Aj. 1073–84. Importance of
aıdō ́s: Nicolas Richer, “Aidōs at Sparta,” tr. Emma Stafford, in SNS, 91–115. Enōmotía: Hdt. 1.65.5;
Thuc. 5.66.3, 67.3, 68.3; Xen. Lac. Pol. 11.4, An. 3.4.21, 4.3.26, Hell. 6.4.12; Timaeus Lexicon of
Words in Plato s.v. enōmotía; Suda s.v. enōmotía; Etym. Magn. s.v. enōmotía; Phot. Bibl. s.v.
enōmotía with Arnold J. Toynbee, “The Enomotia,” in Toynbee, SPGH, 368–71, and Hans van
Wees, “ ‘The Oath of the Sworn Bands’: The Acharnae Stela, the Oath of Plataea and Archaic Spar-
tan Warfare,” in FS, 125–64 (esp. 125–35).
27.Though originally published in 1912, Martin Nilsson’s essay on this subject, “Die Grund-
lagen des spartanischen Lebens,” in Nilsson, Opuscula Selecta (Lund: Gleerup, 1951–52), II
826–69, remains valuable—particularly for its discussion of the similar institutions to be found in
the tribes of Africa and the South Seas. See also Henri Jeanmaire, Couroi et courètes: Essai sur
l’éducation spartiate et sur les rites d’adolescence dans l’antiquité hellénique (Lille: Bibliothèque Uni-
versitaire, 1939), 147–227, 463–588, with Louis Gernet, “Structures sociales et rites d’adolescence
dans la Grèce antique,” in Gernet, Les Grecs sans miracle, ed. Riccardo di Donato (Paris: Maspero,
1983), 201–11. Recent work paying particular attention to the relevant anthropological literature
includes Angelo Brelich, Paides e parthenoi (Rome: Edizioni dell’ Ateneo 1969), I 113–207; Pierre
Vidal-Naquet, “The Black Hunter and the Origin of the Athenian Ephebia” and “Recipes for Greek
Adolescence,” in Vidal-Naquet, The Black Hunter: Forms of Thought and Forms of Society in the
Greek World, trans. Andrew Szegedy-Maszak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986),
106–56; Jean-Pierre Vernant, “Between Shame and Glory: The Identity of the Young Spartan War-
rior,” in Vernant, Mortals and Immortals: Collected Essays, ed. Froma I. Zeitlin (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1991), 220–43; and Marcello Lupi, “Sparta Compared: Ethnographic
Perspectives in Spartan Studies,” in SBM, 305–22. Cf. Kennell, G V, who is inclined to throw out
much of the available evidence, with Ducat, SE, passim, who demonstrates its value. For the rea-
sons why, throughout this work, I persist in using the term agōgē ́ to refer to the system of paıdeía
established in archaic and classical Sparta; see the Prologue, note 9, above - Herd of boys: Pl. Leg. 2.666e–667a, Plut. Lyc. 16.7–9. See also Xen. Lac. Pol. 2.1–11. Ab-
sorption into political community: Plut. Lyc. 24.1 with Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du Contrat social
2.7, in Œuvres complètes de Rousseau, ed. Bernard Gagnebin and Marcel Raymond (Paris: Biblio-
thèque de Pléiade, 1959–1969), III 381–82. There is no evidence to justify Ducat’s conviction (SE,
119–37, 261) that the paîdes slept at home and remained a part of the oîkos. - Dances, poetry, songs: Plut. Lyc. 21, 24.5 with Birgalias, OES, 185–219. For the dances,
see Henri Jeanmaire, “La Cryptie lacédémonienne,” REG 26 (1913): 143 n. 2, and Soteroula Con-
stantinidou, “Dionysiac Elements in Spartan Cult Dances,” Phoenix 52:1/2 (Spring–Summer 1998):
15–30. Note Paus. 3.11.9. Athletics, mock battles, dancing, musical contests: Thuc. 5.69.2–70,
Polyb. 4.20.6, Val. Max. 2.6.2, Plut. Mor. 238b, Ath. 14.630e–631c (with 627b–d, 628e–f ). Cf. Pl.
Leg. 1.633b–c, 2.654a–662c. One should probably interpret what we are told (Paus. 3.14.8–10, Cic.
Tu s c. 5.27.77, Lucian Anach. 38, Plut. Mor. 290d) of the mock battles among the Spartan youth in
light of the parallel discussion in Ephorus (FGrH 70 F149 [ap. Strabo 10.4.18, 20]) and Aristotle
(F611.15 [Rose] = Tit. 143.1.3.15 [Gigon] ap. Heraclid. Lemb. 374.15 [Dilts]) regarding the prac-
tice on Crete. It is clearly not fortuitous that, at Sparta, flute playing was an hereditary office: cf.
Hdt. 6.60 with Thuc. 5.70. See, in this connection, Everett L. Wheeler, “Hoplomachia and Greek
Dances in Arms,” GRBS 23 (1982): 223–33, and “The Hoplomachoi and Vegetius’ Spartan Drill-
masters,” Chiron 13 (1983): 1–20. Short rations, theft, and punishment: Xen. Lac. Pol. 2.6, An.
4.6.14–16; Plut. Lyc. 17.5–8, Mor. 237e–f with Birgalias, OES, 81–95. - Boy and fox: Plut. Lyc. 18.1, Mor. 234a–b. Fox meat a delicacy: Galen De aliment. fac.
3.1.665 [CMG], Oreib. 2.68.11 [CMG]. Cf. Jean Ducat, “L’Enfant spartiate et le renardeau,” REG