47 QSL,WL 35 / 5 / 1 , 1 : 49 a. For raids on the Donghai Jurchen, see Yuan Lükun
et al.,Qingdai qian shi, 2 : 707 – 24 ; Matsuura,Shinchōno Amūru, 224 – 26 ;
Zhou Xifeng,Qingchao qianqi Heilongjiang, 26 – 29 , 38 – 42. The Warka,
Hūrha, and Weji, comprise the main Donghai Jurchen groups of the Ming,
but their precise ethnographies are contested; Janhunen, Manchuria: An
Ethnic History, 101 - 02 ; Zhou Xifeng, Qingchao Qianqi Heilongjiang,
187 – 88 ; Matsuura,Shinchōno Amūru, 135 , 289 – 90. I employ the term
“Donghai Jurchen”broadly, and somewhat anachronistically, to encompass
these peoples.
48 One exemplary difference is a typical confusing overlap in basic terms of
reference—some Donghai Jurchen groups, called“New Manchus”before
the conquest, became“Old Manchus”after the conquest when the new“New
Manchu”units, which also included some Donghai Jurchen, were being
formed tofight the Russians; Zhou Xifeng,Qingchao qianqi Heilongjiang, 38.
49 QSL,CD 5 / 3 / 24 , 2 : 678 b– 79 a, CD 5 / 12 / 13 , 714 b– 15 a.
50 Qingchu neiguo shiyuan Manwen dang’an, 1 : 111. This source also states that
there were 557 men captured, as opposed to the 550 recorded inQSLTC 8 / 5 /
17 , 2 : 242 b. Unfortunately, I have not been able to consult the original
Manchu text to resolve the discrepancy.
51 For a discussion of early Qing regulations on the incorporation of subjected
peoples, see Zhang Pufan and Guo Chengkang,Qing ruguan qian guojia falü,
131 – 46.
52 Qingchu neiguo shiyuan Manwen dang’an, 1 : 325 ;Chongde san nian Manwen
dang’an, 154.
53 Jilin tongzhi, 5 : 3407 – 08 cites the text of this quota from an unidentified
edition of the collected statutes, but this citation may be an error by the
gazetteer’s compiler. For an example from a 1643 raid into Heilongjiang that
includes detailed statistics on captures of 2 , 552 people, their possessions and
the rewards meted out to Qing troopers, seeQingdai dang’an shiliao con-
gbian,CD 8. 9. 3 ,# 6 , 14 : 106 – 110.
54 QSLTC 8 / 12 / 10 , 2 : 280 a–b.
55 Chŏson wangjo sillok, Chungjong (Zhongzong) era, 38. 1. 2 (Western date
February 5 , 1543 ) 18 : 645 a–b. For an analysis of Jurchen agricultural devel-
opment, see Liu Xiaomeng“Mingmou Nüzhen shehui,” 66 – 76.
56 Fang Kongzhao,Quan bian lüe ji, 197.
57 Tong Yonggong,“Qingdai Shengjing Neiwufu liangzhuang gaishu,” 236 – 38 ,
255 – 56.
58 Murakoshi and Trewartha,“Land Utilization Maps of Manchuria,” 480 – 81 ;
Ripley, Wang, and Zhu,“The Climate of the Songnen Plain,” 13 , 19 ; Ren
Meie,Zhongguo ziran dili gangyao, 135 ; Isett,State, Peasant and Merchant,
216 – 17.
59 For an analysis of the interplay of many of these factors, see Yuan Lükun
et al.,Qingdai qian shi, 1 : 115 – 22.
60 Lishi wenxian bubian,# 14 , 60 – 61.
61 Chinese-language statutes often elide differences by describing state collection
of forage underNeiwufupurview in terms related to taxation (zhengqu,nafu);
Huidian(YZ), 787 : 13432 ;Huidian shili(JQ), 700 : 7934.
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