62 Wills,“Maritime Asia, 1500 – 1800 : The Interactive Emergence of European
Domination,” 102 , 104. For tribute in the context of interstate relations, see
Wills,Embassies and Illusions; Hevia,Cherishing Men from Afar.
63 HJY, KX 1 - 1684 : 190 – 91 ,KX 1 - 1688 : 482 – 86.
64 MWLF, QL 15 / 11 / 5 [ 03 - 0172 - 0699 - 001 ].
65 Yang Bin,Liubian jilüe, 3 : 8 a; Gao Shiqi,Hucong dongxun rilu, 106. Some
Manchurian peoples still smoke sable out of trees, often cutting them down
first; Ka-li-na,Xunlu Ewenke ren, 88.
66 Simonov and Dahmer, eds.,Amur-Heilong River Basin Reader, 3 , 8 , 10 , 50 – 53 ;
Xiu Yang and Ming Xu,“Biodiversity Conservation in Changbai,” 888 – 90.
67 Buskirk et al.,“Winter Habitat Ecology of Sables,” 323 – 24.
68 Cao Tingjian,Cao Tingjian ji, 1 : 33 – 34 , 178 – 79. For ethnographies, see
Janhunen,Manchuria: An Ethnic History, 50 – 52 (Dagur), 61 , 125 (Kiler-
Ewenki), 68 – 70 (Orochen), 101 – 02 (Solon-Ewenki).
69 QSLCD 2 : 804 b– 06 a, 2 : 828 a– 30 a. The terms“Reindeer Herder”and“Dog
Keeper”tribes conflate a number of ethnic groups. See Janhunen,Manchuria:
An Ethnic History, 59 – 74 , 126 for an attempt to distinguish them.
70 QSL,TM 2 : 30 a, TC 2 : 54 a, 55 b, 56 a-b, 60 a-b, 64 b, 72 b, 99 a, 104 b, 123 b,
124 a, 125 b, 174 b, 198 b– 99 a, 215 b, 215 b, 221 a, 239 b– 40 a, 270 b, 278 b,
280 a, 287 a, 301 a, 307 b, 308 b, 358 b, 360 b, CD 438 a, 438 b, 448 b, 506 a,
511 a, 518 a, 519 a, 530 a, 542 b, 549 b, 580 b, 585 a, 587 a, 591 a–b, 592 b, 593 b,
643 b– 44 a, 658 b– 59 a, 706 a, 714 a, 719 a–b, 728 b, 793 a, 793 a–b, 793 b, 797 a,
798 a, 807 b, 835 b, 878 a–b, 857 a–b, 882 b– 83 a, 3 : 38 b.
71 QSL,SZ 3 : 46 a, 67 , 225 a, 229 b, 313 b, 362 a, 394 a, 519 b, 571 b, 579 a, 608 ab,
625 b, 669 b, 730 a, 752 b, 813 a, 815 a, 838 b, 862 b– 63 a, 865 b, 894 a, 944 b,
959 a, 972 a, 983 b, 1026 a, 1036 a, 1088 b; SZ 4 : 70 a, KX 4 : 142 a, 171 a, 195 b,
237 b, 249 b, 263 a, 380 b, 572 b, 581 a– 82 b.
72 NFY, KX 5 – 1678 : 163 – 207 ;Da-wo-er ziliao ji, 9 a: 204 – 13 ; Wu Zhenchen,
Ningguta jilüe, 731 : 608 a. For the pelt tribute system in the early Qing, see
Zhang Pufan and Guo Chengkang,Qing ruguan qian guojia falü, 387 – 97.
73 Yang Hu,Mingdai Liaodong dusi, 131 – 32 ;Ch’iu Chung-lin, “Xipi yu
dongpi,” 109.
74 QSLKX 10 / 10 / 3 , 4 : 494 b, KX 10 / 10 / 14 , 495 a.
75 NFY, KX 1 - 1676 : 143 – 48 , 205 – 10.
76 Shiqi shiji Shae qinlue, 111 – 12 ;Qingdai Zhong-E guanxi dang’an, Diyi bian,
1 : 9. 11 , 1 : 13. 14 – 15. Compare a Russian version inRussia’s Conquest of
Siberia,# 84 , 304 , which includes the names of thefive Cossacks. For discus-
sions of the identity of Ducher and Hūrha, see Janhunen,Manchuria: An
Ethnic History, 101 – 05 ; Zhang Jie and Zhang DanhuiQingdai dongbei,
11 – 12.
77 Fisher,The Russian Fur Trade, 34 ;Russia’s Conquest of Siberia,# 75 , 239 – 40 ;
Khodarkovsky,Russia’s Steppe Frontier, 60 – 63 ; Lantzeff and Pierce,East-
ward to Empire, 17 ; Etkind,Internal Colonization, 81 ; Znamenski,“The
Ethic of Empire,” 114. Znamenski shows tribute policies could also, under
special circumstances, apply to ethnic Russian peasants in Siberia.
78 Perdue,China Marches West, 8. Perdue and Barfield have both explored the
multiethnic significance of interactions between regional empires and
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