Donghua lu,QL 31 / 1 / 18 , 7 : 391 b– 92 b; Gong Yin,Zhongguo tusi zhidu,
550 – 51 ;Daoguang Yunnan zhi chao, 11 : 528. One of Zhang Yunsui’s memor-
ials sited“the whole Lujiang region”“beyond the border”(jiaowai);Qingdai
dang’an shiliao congbian,QL 13 / 6 / 11 , 2 : 470 – 75.
66 QSL, 1986 – 87 :JQ 17 / 4 / 2 , 31 : 455 a–b;Shunning fuzhi, 2 : 887 – 88. The Meng-
mian chieftainship was converted to Mianning subprefecture in 1746.
67 See, for example, Giersch,Asian Borderlands, 11. For a review of native
chieftainship system studies in Chinese, see Jia Xiaofeng,“Ershi duo nian lai
tusi zhidu yanjiu zongshu,” 126 – 34.
68 For the concept of“native chieftainship zones,”see Cheng Zhenming,Qing-
dai tusi yanjiu, 21 – 22.
69 For views stressing the dynamism of imperial Chinese expansion, see Harrell,
ed.,Cultural Encounters, 6 – 7 ; Hostetler,Qing Colonial Enterprise, 127 ,
136 , 209.
70 Chuxiong Yizu wenhua yanjiusuo, ed.,Qingdai Wuding Yizu Nashi tusi,DG
11. 3. 21 ,# 4 , 26 – 30.
71 Chuxiong Yizu wenhua yanjiusuo,ed.,Qingdai Wuding Yizu Nashi tusi,DG
11 / 3 / 21 ,# 4 / 26 – 30 ; Yan Deyi,“Pu Si yanbian,” 29 ; Li Wenxun,Zhongguo
xinan bianjiang de shehui jingji, 99 – 100 ; Giersch,“‘A Motley Throng’,” 85.
72 The integration narrative appears in serious works of both western and
Chinese scholarship. See, for example, Li Zhongqing,Zhongguo xinan bian-
jiang de shehui jingji, 119 – 20 ; You Zhong, Zhongguo xinan gudai
minzu, 465.
73 Shunning fuzhi, 1 : 482 – 85 ; He Zikai,“Tengyue bianwu,” 14 : 4 a– 5 a;QSL,JQ
22 / 12 / 9 , 32 : 448 b– 49 b;Yongchang fuzhi, 145 b.
74 Tengyue tingzhi, 146 a;Xu Yunnan tongzhi gao, 5 : 3971 – 72 , 3978 – 79.
75 Xu Yunnan tongzhi gao, 5 : 3971 – 72 , 3978 – 79 ; Hu Qirong, “Diaobao
tushuo,” 5 : 3973 – 74.
76 See, for example,Tengyue tingzhi, 92 b.
77 He Zikai,“Tengyue bianwu,” 14 : 4 a– 5 a; Lin Zexu,Lin Zexu ji, 3. 1156 – 59.
78 Carey,“A Trip to the Chinese Shan States,” 380 , 381 ; Yan Deyi,“Pu Si
yanbian,” 29.
79 MWLF, QL 58 / 10 / 25 [ 03 - 195 - 3453 - 036 ], 59 / 11 / 18 [ 03 - 195 - 3491 - 001 ].
80 Yan Deyi,“Pu Si yanbian,” 29.
81 Rowe,China’s Last Empire, 149 – 50.
82 For deforestation during the whole the imperial period, see Elvin,The Retreat
of the Elephants. For the Qing, see, Vermeer,“Ch’ing Government Con-
cerns,” 203 – 48.
83 Rowe,China’s Last Empire, 150. Over a longer period the decline may have
been even more precipitous in north China, where there may have been a
70 percent drop from the mid–seventeenth to the mid–nineteenth centuries;
Isett,“Village Regulation of Property,” 126.
84 For evidence of a possible rollback in cultivation in the lower Yangzi high-
lands, see Liu Min,“Lun Qingdai pengmin huji wenti,” 22 – 23.
85 Xiao Ruiling et al.,Ming-Qing Nei Menggu xibu diqu kaifa, 167 – 82 ; Wang
Han and Guo Pingruo,“Qingdai kenzhi zhengce,” 91 – 92 ; Shinobu,“Histor-
ical Knowledge and the Response to Desertification,” 199 – 212 ; Wu Luzhen,
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