347
Islam, beliefs (cont.)
compassionate God 279
Day of Judgment 279
divine unity doctrine 280–81
Five Pillars 250, 264–69, 271
fundamentalism 251
God beyond human comprehension
276–77
jahiliyya (age of ignorance) 289–90
jihad and striving against evil 251,
278, 285, 288–90
monotheism 176, 250, 280–81
Ramadan observance and fasting
267–68
salat (prayer), commitment to 265–66
shahada (profession of faith) 264–65,
280–81
shari’a law 256, 272–74, 291, 338,
339
tawhid (oneness) 280–81
Islam, branches of 338–39
Ahmadiyya movement 151, 284–85,
308, 339
Almohad movement 281
Druze 338, 339
Ismailism 338–39
Kharijites 338
Muslim Brotherhood 289, 291
Mu‘tazilites 276–77
Nation of Islam 339
Qadiani Ahmadiyyas 285
Salafism 339
Shi‘a Islam 250, 251, 270–71, 309,
338
Sufism 269, 282–83, 295, 339
Sunni Muslims 251, 269, 270, 271,
275, 338 , 339
Twelvers 271, 309
Wahhabism 269
Whirling Dervishes 339
Islam, figures
Abu Bakr 271, 283 , 338
Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam (Ahmadiyya
movement) 151, 284–85, 308,
339
al-Ash’ari, Abu al-Hasan 277
Averroes (Ibn Rushd) 278
Avicenna (Ibn Sina) 250, 276, 280
Fard Muhammad (Nation of Islam)
339
al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad
279
Ibn Tumart, Muhammad (Almohad
movement) 280–81
Ibn ‘Umar, Abdullah 265Hinduism, beliefs (cont.)
sacrificial ground and fire 96
samsara (cycle of birth and rebirth of
the atman, the soul) 90, 104, 329
satyagraha 124–25
self, nature of 102–105
selfless duty 91, 110 –11, 112, 320
sense experience and pure
consciousness, distinction
between 120–21
tolerance 91
Vedic sacrifice 92–99, 111
Hinduism, branches of 328–29
Arya Samaj 329
Brahmoism 329
Darshanas 101, 328–29
Gaudiya Vaishnava movement 322
Hare Krishna movement 294, 295,
322
Lingayatism 329
Satya Sai Baba Society 329
Shaivism 328
Shaktism 100 , 328
Smartism 329
Swaminarayan Sampraday 329
Transcendental Meditation (TM) 294,
295, 320
Vaishnavism 328
Hinduism, figures
Adi Shankara 91, 118 –21, 122, 329
Agni, god of fire 96
avatars (gods) 115, 328, 329
Gandhi, Mahatma 91, 124–25, 302
goddesses 100
gods as aspects of order 96–97
Krishna 110–11, 328
Ramakrishna 91, 122–23
Shiva 91, 97, 328, 329
Trimurti trinity 91, 97
Varuna 97
Vishnu 91, 97, 115 , 328
Vivekenanda 123
Hinduism, texts
Bhagavad-Gita 91, 107, 108, 110 –11,
112, 320
Mahabharata 91, 101, 111, 115, 322
Ramayana 91, 101, 111, 114
Rig Veda 65, 96, 97, 99
Upanishads 90, 91, 99, 101, 102–105,
118, 120–21, 133, 135, 148
Vedas 54, 90, 91, 99 , 100, 101, 107,
109, 114, 320, 329
Hubbard, L. Ron (Scientology) 317
Humanistic Judaism (Judaism) 333
Hupa 18, 51
I
Ibn Tumart, Muhammad (Almohad
movement) 280–81
Ibn ‘Umar, Abdullah (Islam) 265
Incas 18, 36–37
India
Baiga 19, 32
Buddhism see Buddhism
Hellenization 150
Hinduism see Hinduism
Jainism see Jainism
Parsis (Zoroastrianism) 62
Samkhya philosophy 113, 329
Sikhism see Sikhism
Iran (Persia)
Baha’i faith see Baha’i faith
Manicheism 65, 221
Shi‘a Islam 270, 271
Zoroastrianism see Zoroastrianism
Islam 327
Arab Spring democracy 251
Arabic script as art form 261
Aristotle, philosophy of 277, 281
Crusades 251
Egyptian revivalist 289
European Council for Fatwa and
Research 272
Golden Age and Abbasid dynasty
250, 251
and Greek philosophy 276–77
ideological and political conflict 251
Islamic Revivalism 288–90
Jesus recognized as prophet 252
Jibrail’s (Gabriel’s) appearance to
Muhammad 253, 256–57
Mecca 250, 253, 266, 267–69
as modern religion 291
muezzins 265, 266
purification before prayer 265–66
schools of law 275
Sunna (authoritative sayings and
actions) 253, 266, 270, 273, 274 , 281
theological speculation in 276–77
timeline 250–51
Western influences, rejection of
289–90, 339
Islam, beliefs
almsgiving, importance of 266–67
Christian and Jewish scriptures,
belief in human corruption of 252,
257INDEX