Advanced Writing with English in Use

Linkingwords

B Conjunctions(andprepositions)
Most ofthewordsin this table areconjunctionsand join two clauses.Thewords
marked(P),however, are prepositions, and are followed by eithera nounor a
gerund(-ingform).

* Inver sion- note the word orde r afte rthesewordswhe nthey hegill

the sente nce.

wehadhardlyle ftth e grou lldicl venthestormbroke.

Hardll)hadicele ftth e groundichenthestormb roke.

Theplanehadnosoonertaken offthan1 regre ttednot takingthe

train.

N osoonerhadtheplanetakenofftlutnIregrettedno ttakingth e

train.

+ The se words canact as eitherp repo sition s or conju nct ions.

H e teen!to hedaftermidnight.(p repos ition)

liescentto hedafterhefuu / fi llish edh is book.(conj u nc tion)

Time

aftcr+

afterIl;h ich

ant!

as

asIOllgas

as soo" as

atwhich(point)

hefore+

bythetime

hardly*

110 sooncr*

Ilme(t h at)

once

since

themoment

then

til/+

II 11 til+

ichen

ichenccer

icliereupon

lchile

Result

awl

andso

else

or else

otliertcise

so

sothai

C o n t r a s t,

C o ncessio n ,

Alt ernati ve s

although

apartfrom(1')

hilt

despite(1')

ceCilif

cccnthough

exceptthat

illspiteof(1')

or

mucl: as

1101'

nottlutt

though

icliereas

while

dliist

yet

Reason

as

as aresul tof(1')

because

becauseof(1')

c(!1Isiderillg

ducto

for

illcase

illcieu:ofthefact

that

[ustincase

Oflaccountof(P)

seeingasIthat

since

Purpose

in case

ino rd er that

illo rd er to

so

so as to

sothat

to

Conditional

aslo ng as

erellif

if

OIlconditiont hat

procided(th at)

pnn;idillg(t h at)

sohmgas

IlIIless

ichetlier.. .or

Manner

as

asif

as though

illalUlU

illthelcal)

justas

like

nnrcli as

thelcay

Addition

and"

as !cellas(1')

besides(1')

besidesIchich

inadditio/lto(P)

not01l/Y*

Giving examples

forinstance(P)

forexample(P)

inparticular( P)

The sentencesbelow illustratemany of the linkingwords

in the table.Note that many conjunctionscan be used

either in the middle of a sentence

I would n' thave told the policeevenif1 hadknown.

(sent ence s1- 9)

or at the beginning.

E venifI had known, 1 wouldn' t havetold the police.

(se nte nce s10-12)

Complete thesentences by addinganyappropriate word

or phrase: note whichconjunctionsare usedwith

commas inthe examples.

1 \ Ve are advised to do thisexercisevery

a carefu lly,athericiscwe will make a lot of _

hcarefull)'Uich i!«our teache r _

c carefu lly,eeellthoughit looks _

2 Mv weeks in captivityweren't too

a unpleusa ntf. lcon~'ideri/lgthete rrihloreputation ofmy

bunplea san tonceI gotuse d to _

c unplea san t,eecllifthe wasterrihie.

3 The tiger sran away from the

a Englishwomanasifshe _

hEnglishwo manth e Ical) run awayfroma

c Englishwo ma ntheIII011lClltth ey saw _

4 Her Olympicgold medal was

a remarkable,th oughmallYpeople _

bre mark able,not thaishe didn't deserve-c,-- - -

c remarkableillcieic(~fthefactthatshe had just

Writingsub-skills • 21