Western Civilization

Europe, 400–1100(Cambridge, 2002). On attitudes toward sex-

uality in the early Christian church, see the important work by

P. Brown,The Body and Society(New York, 1988).

THE VIKINGS The Vikings are examined inM. Arnold,The

Vikings: Culture and Conquest(London, 2006), andR. Hall,

The World of the Vikings(New York, 2007).

FIEF-HOLDING An introductory work on fief-holding isJ. R.

Strayer,Feudalism(Princeton, N.J., 1985). For an important

revisionist view, seeS. Reynolds,Fiefs and Vassals(Oxford,

1994).

BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND SLAVIC PEOPLES Byzantine civi-

lization in this period is examined inW. Treadgold,The Byzan-

tine Revival, 780–842(Stanford, Calif., 1988). On the Slavic

peoples of eastern Europe, seeS. FranklinandJ. Shepard,The

Emergence of Rus, 750–1200(New York, 1996).

WORLD OF ISLAM The world of Islam in this period is dis-

cussed inH. Kennedy,The Prophet and the Age of the Caliph-

ates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh

Century(London, 1986), andJ. Lassner, The Shaping of

Abbasid Rule(Princeton, N.J., 1980).

MindTapis a fully online, highly personalized learning experience built upon

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Notes

1. Einhard,The Life of Charlemagne, trans. S. Turner (Ann
   Arbor, Mich., 1960), p. 30.


2. Ibid., p. 57.


3. A. Barbero,Charlemagne: Father of a Continent, trans. A.
   Cameron (Berkeley, Calif., 2004), p. 4.


4. Quoted in Chris Wickham,The Inheritance of Rome: A
   History of Europe from 400 to 1000(New York, 2009), p. 4.


5. Quoted in P. Riche,Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne,
   trans. J. A. McNamara (Philadelphia, 1978), p. 56.
   6. 1 Corinthians 7:1–2, 8–9.
   7. Quoted in S. Keynes, “The Vikings in England, c.
   790–1016,” inThe Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings,
   ed. P. Sawyer (Oxford, 1997), p. 81.
   8. Quoted in O. Thatcher and E. McNeal, eds.,A Source Book
   for Medieval History(New York, 1905), p. 363.
   9. Al-Mas’udi,The Meadows of Gold: The Abbasids, ed. P.
   Lunde and C. Stone (London, 1989), p. 151.

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