Western Civilization

Centuriate assembly (Rome), 98, 99

Cereta, Laura, 285

Ceylon.SeeSri Lanka (Ceylon)

Chaeronea, Battle of, 74, 76

Chaldeans, 31, 33, 40; Assyria and, 37;

Phoenicians and, 36

Champagne region, fairs in, 206–7

Chandragupta Maurya (India), 81

Chanson de geste, 216

Chariots: Byzantine, 165; in Egypt, 20;

Sumerian, 9

Charlemagne, 173–78; achievements of, 175;

coronation of,173,173–74, 176–78;

Einhard on, 175, 176, 177; as emperor,

176; intellectual renewal under, 178;

significance of, 177–78; statue of, 178

Charles I (England), 374

Charles II (England), 374, 399

Charles IV (Holy Roman Empire), 261

Charles V (France), 267

Charles V (Holy Roman Empire): Aztecs and,

335; empire of, 308, 309 (map); Habsburg

dynasty and, 295; Henry VIII and, 312;

Italy and, 280; Lutheranism and, 305,

308,308–9; Ottoman Empire and, 308–9

Charles VI (France), 256, 261

Charles VII (France), 257

Charles VIII (France), 280

Charles XII (Sweden), 369

Charles Martel, 174

Charles the Bald: Carolingian Empire and,

181; statue of, 178

Charles the Great.SeeCharlemagne

Chartres, cathedral in, 217

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 267

Chauvet Cave paintings, 4

Chemistry, 394–95

Chennai, India.SeeMadras

Childbirth: by Frankish women, 156; Greek

women and, 68; in Renaissance, 278; in

Rome, 124

Children: Hammurabi’s Code on, 12; in

Middle Ages, 267, 269, 269 ;in

Renaissance Italy, 278; in Rome, 132, 133

‘‘Children of Israel,’’ Hebrews as, 30

Children’s Crusade, 245

Chile, 336

China: civilization in, 6; England and, 345;

Europeans and, 344–45, 348; gunpowder

and, 258; Han Empire in, 121, 125;

Jesuits in, 317, 348–49; Mongols in, 230,

250; paper from, 194; Portugal and, 330,

344; Russia and, 345; silk from, 163;

Yellow River in, 6, 6 (map)

Chinggis Khan, 230

Chivalry, 203

Chocolate, 351

Christ.SeeJesus of Nazareth

Christian church.SeeCatholic Church;

Christianity

Christian humanism, 302–3

Christianity: appeal of, 142–43; development

of church, 156–62; in England, 157; of

Germanic tribes, 147, 150; growth of,

142–43; Indians and, 333; intellectual

thought and, 160–62; Irish, 158–59;

Judaism and, 139, 141; in late antiquity,

147; in marriage, 179; medieval

civilization and, 233–39; mystery

religions and, 90; organization of, 149;

origins of, 139, 141–42; persecution of,

142, 143; in Roman Empire, 138–43,

149–50; in Russia, 191, 231; in

Scandinavia, 229; science and, 400–402;

sexuality and, 179; of Slavs, 230; in Spain,

227; spread of, 141–42, 161 (map);

women and, 143; Zoroastrianism and, 45.

See alsoCrusades; Enlightenment;

Missions and missionaries; specific groups

Christina (Grand Duchess of Tuscany), 392

Christine de Pizan, on women, 267

Christmas, 160

Chronicle of the First Crusade(Fulcher of

Chartres), 244

Chrysoloras, Manuel, 283

Church(es): architecture of,216,216–18,

217, 218; in Constantinople, 164; in

Germany, 228; in Middle Ages, 202;

Protestant, 307–8; in Ravenna, 164 ;in

Rome, 141, 142, 149–50.See alsoChurch

and state; Religion(s)

Church and state: Catholic Church and, 165,

263; in England, 223–24; in Germany,

228; in Middle Ages, 232, 233; separation

of, 312

Church of England, 313, 372, 374

Church of the Holy Wisdom.SeeHagia Sophia

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 106, 108, 111, 115

Cincinnatus, Rome saved by, 100

Ciompirevolt, 256

Circumnavigation of earth, by Magellan,327,

328, 333

Circus Maximus (Rome), 134

Cistercians, 233–34, 235

Cities and towns: in 14th century, 267; in

British colonies, 347; as characteristics of

civilizations, 6; in China, 6; in France,

210 ; in Greece, 54; growth of, 207, 209;

Hellenistic, 83–84; in Italy, 205–6, 209,

229; lifestyle in, 209–11; medieval,

204–7, 209, 210 ; pollution in, 209, 211;

in Renaissance, 277–78; revolts in,

255–56; rights in, 207; Romanization of,

125–27; Sumerian, 7–9.See alsoCity-

states; Villages; specific locations

Citizens and citizenship: in Athens, 58–59;

in Greekpolis,54; Greek women and, 68;

in Mycenae, 51; in Rome, 95, 98, 99,

100–101, 115, 123–24, 125, 126, 127; in

Sparta, 58

City of God, The(Augustine), 161–62

City-states: German, 261; Greek, 40, 48–49,

50 (map), 54–59, 62, 76; Italian, 229,

261–62, 262 (map), 279–81, 279 (map);

Mesopotamian, 7–9; in Near East, 28; in

Renaissance Italy, 279–81, 279 (map);

Sumerian, 9

Civic humanism, 283

Civilization: characteristics of, 6; emergence

of, 6–7; of Mesoamerica, 334; of

Mesopotamia, 7–14, 8 (map); societies on

fringes of, 28–29.See alsoCulture(s)

Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy

(Burckhardt), 274

Civil law(ius civile),in Rome, 98, 109

Civil service: Byzantine, 188.See also

Bureaucracy

Civil war(s): in England, 292, 374, 374

(map); in France, 256; in Rome, 137–38

Civil Wars, The(Caesar), 114

Clarendon, Lord (Edward Hyde), 375–76

Classes: aristocracy and, 202–4; Christianity

and, 143; nobility as, 202–4; revolts and,

254–55; in Rome, 98, 99

Classical learning: Irish monks and, 158–59;

Islamic scholars and, 194; medieval

revival of, 213–14; in Renaissance, 283

Classical period (Greece), 50 (map), 59–62.

See alsoGreece (ancient)

Classicism: in arts, 380.See alsoArt(s)

Cleisthenes (Athens), 58–59

Clement V (Pope), 263

Clement VI (Pope), 251

Clement VII (Pope), 265, 308, 312

Cleopatra VII (Egypt), 81, 115–16

Clergy: conciliar movement and, 265;

corruption of, 303; English, 160, 313;

marriage and, 305, 313; salvation and,

237; in Spain, 293; taxation of, 263.

See alsoPope

Clermont, Council of, 241

Climate: in 17th century, 358; in Middle

Ages, 199, 250

Clive, Robert, 342, 344

Clock, invention of, 268, 270

Clodia (Lesbia), 109

Cloth industry, 255

Clothing: in ancient Rome, 98; in Athens, 68

Clotilde (Burgundians),146, 147

Clouds, The(Aristophanes), 64

Clovis (Franks),146,147, 154

Cluniac reform movement, 232

Coal and coal industry, pollution from, 209

Code of Hammurabi, 10–11

Codes of law.SeeLaw codes

Coffeehouses, 351

Coins, in Rome, 138, 150

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 365, 399

Colleges.SeeUniversities and colleges

Colloquy: of Marburg, 310, 311; of

Regensburg, 319

Cologne, Jews of, 239

Colombia, 336

Colonies and colonization: British, 346, 347;

Christian, in Spain, 227, 227 (map);

Dutch, 346–47; French, 346, 347;

globalization and, 353–54; Greek, 55–56,

96; impact on colonizers, 351–52; India

as, 344; missionaries in, 348–49, 351;

Phoenician, 34; Roman, 115, 122–23;

Spanish, 334–36.See alsoImperialism

Colosseum (Rome), 135, 135

Columba (Saint), 159

Columbian Exchange, 351

Columbus, Christopher, 329, 331, 332, 333,

333, 336

Comedy, 109; Greek, 63–64

Commerce: Dutch, 340–41, 341 .See also

Mercantilism; Trade

Commercial capitalism, 207, 352–53

Commodus (Rome), 136

416 Index

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