Renaissance: arts in, 286–92; banquets in,
275; Carolingian, 178; Catholic Church in,
296–98; characteristics of, 274–76;
education in, 284–85; in Italy, 274–92,
279 (map); magic in, 387; in northern
Europe, 290–91; papacy in,297,297–98;
printing in, 286; social orders in, 277–78;
state in, 292–96
Republic, The(Plato), 66
Res Gestae(Augustus), 123
Resources, 276
Restoration, in England, 374, 376
Resurrection, in Egypt, 19
Revolts and rebellions: in cities, 255–56; in
England, 374; in France, 254,255,363; in
Greece, 103; by Jews, 139; Luther and,
305; by Roman slaves, 107, 113; in
Russia, 368–69; Thirty Years’ War and,
362
Revolution(s): in England, 376.See also
Revolts and rebellions
Rhetoric (persuasive speaking), 65
Rhineland, 181
Rhine River region, 122, 125, 150
Rhodes, 51
Ribbed vaults, 217, 218
Ricci, Matteo, 317
Richard I the Lionhearted (England), 245
Richard II (England), 255, 261
Richard III (England), 292
Richelieu (Cardinal), 363
Rights: in Athens, 60; in Greekpolis,54;
Locke on, 378; of lords, 187; natural, 127;
property rights for women, 12, 23; of
townspeople, 207
Riots: in Constantinople, 163; at medieval
universities, 213
Ritual, in Roman religion, 106, 138
Rivers: pollution of, 211.See alsospecific
river regions
Roads and highways: Inca, 336; Roman, 97,
101,101,111, 125, 127
Roma and Augustus, cult of, 138
Roman Catholic Church.SeeCatholic Church
Romance languages, 181
Roman Confederation, 100–101
Roman Empire: in Augustan Age, 121–24;
Charlemagne and, 176; Christianity in,
138–43, 147, 149–50; creation of, 104;
crises of 3rd century in, 137–38; culture
and society in, 123–24, 129–36; divine
mission of, 121; division of, 147, 148
(map); economy in, 127, 129, 138,
148–49; Egypt in, 21; Flavian dynasty in,
124, 135; frontiers of, 122–23, 125, 126
(map), 129; Germanic tribes and, 150–52;
good emperors of, 125; Greek language
in, 125, 127, 142; Julio-Claudian dynasty
in, 124; late period in, 147–50, 148
(map), 152; law in, 127; literature in,
129–32; Rome (city) in, 132, 134–35, 134
(map); trade routes in, 127–29, 128
(map).See alsoByzantine Empire; Roman
Republic; Rome (ancient); Western
Roman Empire
Romanesque architecture,216,216–17
Romania, as Dacia, 125, 138Roman Inquisition, 238, 319, 390–91
Romanization process, 115, 125–27, 150
Roman law, 98, 99, 107, 108–9, 110, 127,
162, 212, 214.See alsoLaw codes
Romanov dynasty, 368
Roman Republic: art and literature in, 109,
111; Carthage and, 102–3; conquest of
Italy by, 99–101; decline of, 111–17;
dominions in, 116 (map); emergence of,
95–98; imperialism by, 104; land in, 107,
112; Mediterranean region and, 102–4,
102 (map); political institutions in,
98–99; society and culture in, 99, 105–11;
Twelve Tables in, 108–9, 110.See also
Roman Empire; Rome (ancient)
Rome (ancient), 2; as city,97,97–98;
Etruscans and, 96–97, 98; Greece and,
95–96, 100, 103, 105–6, 111; Pergamum
and, 81; settlement of, 97; women in,
107–8,109,132.See alsoRoman Empire;
Roman Republic; Rome (city)
Rome (city): bishop of, 149; Colosseum in,
135, 135 ; Holy Roman Empire and,
228–29; imperial, 132, 134–35, 134
(map); municipal administration in,
125–26; sack of (390B.C.E.), 81; sack of
(410 and 455), 150; sack of (1527), 280
Romulus and Remus, 97
Romulus Augustulus (Rome), 150
Rossi, Luigi de’, 297
Royal Academy of Sciences (France), 396,
399,399–400
Royal Council (Britain), 347
Royal council (France), 363
Royal Observatory, at Greenwich, England,
400
Royal Road (Persia), 43
Royal Society (England), 395, 396, 399
‘‘Royal Standard’’ of Ur, 9
Rubicon River, Caesar at, 115
Rudel, Jaufre ́, 216
Rudolf II (Holy Roman Empire), 389
Rudolf of Habsburg (Germany), 229
Rules, of Benedict, 157–58, 232, 236–37
Runnymede, Magna Carta and, 224, 225
Rurik, 191
Rus people, 191, 192
Russia: absolutism in, 368–70; China and,
345; Christianity in, 191, 231;
development of, 231; government of,
369; Jews and, 253; military in, 369, 370;
Mongols in, 230, 231, 295; Peter the
Great and, 369–70, 370 ; revolts in, 362,
368–69; West and, 369; women in, 369
Russian Orthodox Church, 368–69.See also
Eastern Orthodoxy
Sabines, 99
Sacraments: Calvin on, 313; Eucharist, 237;
Luther on, 305, 307, 311; in Middle Ages,
233
Sacred Way, in Rome, 97
Sacrifices, of animals, 13, 67, 68
Sadducees, 139
Sailors and sailing: Greek, 49; navigational
aids for, 329; Portuguese, 330–31.
See alsoShips and shippingSaint(s): importance of, 237; relics and,
237–38.See alsospecific saints
Saint-Denis, abbey church of, 200, 217
Saint-Domingue, 346.See alsoHaiti
Saint Gall, monastery of, 179
St. Peter’s Basilica (Rome), 298, 379
St. Petersburg, Russia, 369, 371 (map)
‘‘Saints,’’ Anabaptists as, 312
Saint-Simon, duc de (Louis de Rouvroy), 358,
364
Saladin (Muslims), 245
Salamis, Battle of, 60
Sallust, 114
Salvation: Calvin on, 313; Christian, 141,
142, 202; clergy and, 237; Luther and,
304–5, 307; before Reformation, 304
Samaria, 30
Samnites, Romans and, 99–100
Samson (abbot), 222
Samurai (Japan), 185
Sanitation: in 14th century, 267; in cities,
209, 211
San Lorenzo, Church of, 287, 288
Sanskrit language, 28
Santa Marı ́a(ship), 333
Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, 286
Santi di Tito, 281
San Vitale, Church of, 164
Sardinia: Carthage and, 102; geography of,
95; megaliths in, 28; Phoenicians in, 34;
as Roman province, 103
Sardis, 42
Sargon I (Akkad), 10
Sassanid Persian Empire, 137–38
Satires(Horace), 130
Satrap (Persian governor), 43
Satrapy (Persian province), 40
Saul (Israel), 30
Saxons: Charlemagne and, 174, 176; in
England, 154; in Germany, 228
Saxony, 160, 176, 261
Scandinavia: Black Death in, 251;
Christianity in, 229; Kiev and, 231;
Lutheranism in, 308; Vikings from, 181,
182–83.See alsoVikings
Schliemann, Heinrich, 51
Scholarship.SeeIntellectual thought
Scholasticism, 214–16, 283
School of Athens(Raphael), 289, 289
Schools: in High Middle Ages, 211–13, 212
(map),213,214; humanist, 284; in
Islamic Empire, 194; Jesuit, 317;
monastic, 348; for Sumerian scribes, 14.
See alsoEducation; Universities and
colleges
Science(s): Hellenistic, 88–89; medieval
scholars and, 213–14; Mesopotamian,
13–14; religion and, 400–402; society
and, 400; women in, 395–97.See also
Medicine; Scientific Revolution
Scientific laws: of Kepler, 389; of Newton,
393
Scientific method, 398–99
Scientific Revolution: astronomy in, 387–93;
background of, 386–87; chemistry in,
394–95; Eurocentrism and, 352; impact
of, 385–86; medicine in, 393–94428 IndexCopyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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