Western Civilization

Play of the Virtues(Hildegard of Bingen), 236

Plebeians, in Rome, 99, 112

Plebiscita(Rome), 99

Pliny the Younger, 130, 140

Plotina (Rome), 132

Plow, wheeled, 200–201, 201

Pluralism, 303

Plutarch: on Lycurgan reforms, 57;Lycurgus,

69–70

Poets and poetry: female, 85; Greek, 52; in

High Middle Ages, 215; Latin, 109, 111,

129–31; troubadours and, 216.See also

Literature

Pogroms, 253

Poland: Anabaptists in, 312; Christianity in,

190; Jesuits in, 317; Jews in, 239, 253;

kingdom of, 230; monarchy in, 295;

Mongols in, 231; Ottomans and, 296;

partitions of, 367 (map)

Polis(Greek city-state), 54, 55, 56, 58, 67; in

Hellenistic world, 83–84; Philip II

(Macedonia) and, 74

Politics: in 14th century, 258, 260–62; of

Anabaptists, 312; French Wars of Religion

and, 320; in Germany, 308–10; in

Hellenistic world, 82–83; of Muslims,

167; origins of term, 54; religion and,

361–62; in Rome, 98–99, 137–38, 147;

slave trade and, 339

Politics(Aristotle), 66–67, 69

Politiques, 320

Poll tax, in England, 255

Pollution, 209, 211

Polo, Marco, 328–29

Poltava, Battle of, 369, 370

Polybius, 87, 104

Polyclitus (Greece), 65, 65

Polytheism, 12, 166; Greek religion and, 67

Pompey (Rome), 107, 113, 115

Pontiffs: in Rome, 106.See alsoPope

Poor people.SeePoverty

Pope: Eastern Orthodoxy and, 241; kings

crowned by, 173–74; Luther and, 307 ;

Philip IV (France) and, 263; power of,

156–57.See alsoPapacy; specific popes

Popular culture, and religion, 315

Populares(Rome), 112, 113

Popular religion, in Middle Ages, 237–38

Population: in 17th century, 358; Black

Death and, 251, 253; in cities, 209;

famine and, 250; growth of, 199 (tab.),

351; in High Middle Ages, 199–200, 199

(tab.); in Latin America, 336

Portraiture, in Renaissance, 287

Portugal: Americas and, 345–47; Asia and,

339–40, 342, 348; China and, 330, 344;

expansion by, 328, 329–31; India and,

329–30, 342; Japan and, 345; Latin

America and, 348; New World and, 328;

slavery and, 338; Spain and, 227, 362;

sphere of influence of, 333.See also

Portuguese Empire

Portuguese Empire, 329–31, 330, 331 (map),

339–40

Porus (India), 78

Poseidon (god), 67

Postumus, 138

Potatoes, 351

Pottery, Neolithic, 5

Poverty, in Rome, 134

Praetor (Rome), 98, 109

Praetorian guard (Rome), 122

Praise of Folly, The(Erasmus), 303

Predestination, Calvin on, 313

Prefectures, in Rome, 147

Presbyterians, 372

Presbyters, 372

Prester John, magical kingdom of, 328

Price revolution, 352

Priests.SeeReligion(s)

Prince, The(Machiavelli), 280–81,281, 282

Princeps (Rome), 121, 122

Principate, 121

Principia(Newton), 391, 393

Printing, 276, 286, 387

Priscus, 151–52

Prisoners of war, 339

Proconsul (Rome), 98

Procurator (Russia), 369

Professions, study of, 213

Prolegomena(Ibn Khaldun), 208–9

Proletariat, in Rome, 112, 113

Property rights, for women, 12, 23

Prophets: Israelite, 32–34; Muhammad as,

167, 168

Propraetor (Rome), 98

Prose, Latin, 111, 131–32

Prosperity.SeeEconomy

Prostitution, in Middle Ages, 211

Protest(s), in High Middle Ages, 238–39

Protestantism: by 1560, 316 (map); church

organization in, 307–8; Peace of Augsburg

and, 309, 309 (map); Puritans and, 372,

374; spread of, 310, 312–14; women and,

315.See alsoHuguenots

Protestant Reformation, 305–15

Provence, France, 292

Provinces: Egyptian, 17; Roman, 98, 122–23,

125, 149

Prussia: acquisitions of, 367 (map);

government of, 367; Teutonic Knights

and, 230.See alsoBrandenburg-Prussia;

Silesia

Ptolemaic-Aristotelian cosmology, 391, 400

Ptolemaic universe, 387, 388, 389

Ptolemy (Egypt) and Ptolemaic dynasty, 81,

85; Ptolemy II, 85

Ptolemy, Claudius, 213,289,329,330, 352,

386

Public works, 111, 125, 164

Punic Wars, 102–3, 104, 105

Punishment: in Germanic law, 154–55; in

Hammurabi’s Code, 10, 11; of medieval

crimes, 209, 210

Punt, 18

Purgatory, 304

Puritans, 315, 372, 374, 376

Puteoli (port), 127

Pyramids: Egyptian, 17 (map), 19–20;

Mayan, 334

Pythagoras, 289

Qianlong (China), 344, 345

Qing Empire (China), 344–45, 345 (map)

Quadrivium, 162

Quaestors (Rome), 98

Quakers, 339

Queens: Hellenistic, 85.See alsospecific

rulers

Quetzalcoatl (god), 334

Qur’an, 167, 194

Radical Reformation, 312

Radicals and radicalism, Anabaptists and,

312

Ramadan, 167, 168

Ramesses II (Egypt), Abu Simbel statues of,

24

Raphael, 288, 289,289,290,297, 298

al-Rashid, Harun, 193

Rationalism, 398.See alsoReason

Ravenna, 164

Raw materials, 163, 353

Razzia(raid), 168

Re (god), 18

Realism: in Dutch painting,380,380–81; in

medieval painting, 267; in Renaissance

painting, 287

Reason: faith and, 215.See alsoRationalism

Rebellions.SeeRevolts and rebellions

Recessions, in 17th century, 358

Reconquista (Spain), 227, 227 (map)

Record keeping: Mesopotamian, 14;

Neolithic, 5

Red Sea region, 18

Reform and reformers: in Athens, 58–59; of

Catholic Church, 296–97; Christian

humanism and, 302–3; in Rome, 112,

147–49; in Russia, 369; in Sparta, 57.

See alsoReformation

Reformation, 302.See alsoCatholic

Reformation; Protestant Reformation

Reformed churches, 307, 308

Regensburg Colloquy, 319

‘‘Regulations of Avignon, The,’’ 240

Reichstag (Germany), 305

Reims, 217

Relics (Catholic Church), 237–38, 304

Religion(s): in Assyria, 38; in Çatal Hu ̈yu ̈k,

4–5; as characteristic of civilizations, 6; in

eastern Europe, 295; in Egypt, 18–19, 20,

21; in England, 312–13, 322, 372, 374;

expansion and, 329; in France, 363,

364–65; in Germany, 308–10, 361; Greek,

67–68; Hellenistic, 90–91; Hittite, 29; of

Israelites, 32–34; in Mesopotamia, 12–13;

Muslim politics and, 167; mystery, 90;

Paleolithic cave paintings and, 4; in

Persia, 44–45; politics and, 361–62;

popular culture and, 315; in Rome, 106,

138–43, 147; science and, 400–402;

Thirty Years’ War and, 359, 361–62; Wars

of, 319–20; witchcraft craze and, 358–59.

See alsoCrusades; Gods and goddesses;

Popular religion; Reformation; specific

groups

Religious orders, 233–37, 316–17.See also

Monks and monasteries; specific orders

Religious toleration, in Persian Empire, 41

Rembrandt van Rijn,380,380–81

Re ́my, Nicholas, 359

Index 427

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