Constantinople’, in Philip Rousseau and Manolis Papoutsakis, eds., Transformations of Late
Antiquity. Essays for Peter Brown (Aldershot, 2009), 15–36.
85 See also Sarris, Economy and Society in the Age of Justinian, for emphasis on the fi scal exhaustion
of the state in the post-Justinianic period.
6 Late antique culture and private life1 See André Burguière, The Annales School: an Intellectual History, Eng. trans. (Ithaca, NY: Cor-
nell University Press, 2009), especially chap. 9.
2 Especially in his Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity. Towards a Christian Empire (Madison,
Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), and see Averil Cameron, ‘Redrawing the map:
Christian territory after Foucault’, JRS 76 (1986), 266–71.
3 See for example K. Weitzmann, ed., Age of Spirituality. A Symposium (New York: Metropoli-
tan Museum of Art, 1980). Peter Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity (Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press, 1978), poses the question of how and why an enhanced spiritual-
ity developed in the fourth century.
4 Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity, 21.
5 For discussion of this concept see Antiquité tardive 9 (2001), containing a collection of papers
edited by J.-M. Carrié and Gisella Cantino Wataghin, with the overall title La ‘démocratisation
de la culture’ dans l’antiquité tardive.
6 The fi rst published volume in the series was Ralph W. Mathisen and Hagith S. Sivan, Shifting
Frontiers in Late Antiquity (Aldershot: Variorum, 1996); the most recent at the time of writ-
ing, the seventh in the series, is Andrew Cain and Noel Lenski, eds., The Power of Religion in
Late Antiquity (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009).
7 Noel Lenski, ‘Introduction: power and religion on the frontier of late antiquity’, in Cain and
Lenski, eds., The Power of Religion in Late Antiquity, 1–17, at 5.
8 Among North American writers on late antiquity an important role has been played by
Elizabeth A. Clark, not only in her own writing but also through the lead she has given
through editorship of the Journal of Early Christian Studies and in the North American Patris-
tic Society; cf. especially her Reading Renunciation: Asceticism and Scripture in Early Christianity
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), with Dale B. Martin and Patricia Cox Miller,
eds., The Cultural Turn in Late Ancient Studies. Gender, Asceticism and Historiography (Durham,
NC: Duke University Press, 2005).
9 Some Byzantinists, in a debate led by art historians, tend to emphasize the difference: see
Leslie Brubaker, ‘Critical approaches to art history’, in Elizabeth Jeffreys, ed., The Oxford
Handbook of Byzantine Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 59–66; Liz James,
ed., Art and Text in Byzantine Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
10 Peter Brown’s Augustine of Hippo (London: Faber, 1967; new ed. with epilogue, 2000)
remains classic; short introduction by Henry Chadwick, Augustine (Oxford: Oxford Uni-
versity Press, 1986); Confessions, trans. Henry Chadwick (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1991); see Gillian Clark, Augustine. The Confessions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1993).
11 Robert A. Kaster, Guardians of Language. The Grammarian and Society in Late Antiquity (Ber-
keley: University of California Press, 1988) provides a prosopography of Latin grammatici
(teachers of grammar, which preceded rhetoric in a young person’s education) from the
fourth to sixth centuries; a great deal is known about education in late fourth-century Anti-
och, especially through the letters of Libanius, on which see Raffaella Cribiore, The School
of Libanius in Late Antique Antioch (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), and about
Alexandria, on which see Christopher Haas, Alexandria in Late Antiquity, Topography and Social
Confl ict (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997) and Edward J. Watts, City and
School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).
12 See P. Lemerle, Byzantine Humanism, Eng. trans. (Canberra: Australian Association for
Byzantine Studies, 1986), 63–4.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5