Oaks, 2009), and see Cecily Hennessy, Images of Children in Byzantium (Farnham: Ashgate,
2008).
61 Shaw, ‘The family in late antiquity’, 39.
62 See Gillian Clark, Women in Late Antiquity: Pagan and Christian Lifestyles (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1993); A. Arjava, Women and Law in Late Antiquity (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996).
Useful discussion of the role played by women in the process of Christianization in Eliza-
beth A. Castelli, ‘Gender, theory and The Rise of Christianity: a response to Rodney Stark’,
Journal of Early Christian Studies 6.2 (1998), 227–57.
63 See Elizabeth A. Clark, Jerome, Chrysostom and Friends, 2nd ed. (Lewiston: Edwin Mellen
Press, 1982).
64 Palladius, Lausiac History 36.6–7, trans. Meyer; cited by P. Brown, The Body and Society. Men,
Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (New York: Columbia University Press,
1988), 378.
65 See Averil Cameron, Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire, 165ff. For the tangled mix of ideas
and associations surrounding the concept of Mary in relation to women see Elaine Pagels,
Adam, Eve and the Serpent (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988); Averil Cameron, ‘Vir-
ginity as metaphor’, in Averil Cameron, ed., History as Text (London: Duckworth, 1989),
184–205; Aline Rousselle, Porneia. On Desire and the Body in Antiquity, Eng. trans. (Oxford:
Blackwell, 1989).
66 The Greek title Theotokos (‘bearer of God’) was offi cially accorded to Mary at Ephesus I, and
the Akathistos hymn, which became the basis of much later eastern homiletic and devotion
to the Virgin is dated to the fi fth century by Leena Mari Peltomaa, The Image of the Virgin
Mary in the Akathistos Hymn (Leiden: Brill, 2001). For the later development of the cult of
the Virgin in the east, see Chapter 9.
67 For this and other examples see Benedicta Ward, Harlots of the Desert (Oxford: Mowbray,
1987); cf. Sebastian P. Brock and Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Holy Women of the Syrian Orient
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
68 For the eastern empire see Joëlle Beaucamp, Le statut de la femme à Byzance (4e–7e siècle) I. Le
droit impérial (Paris: Diffusion de Boccard, 1990), II. Les pratiques sociales (Paris: Diffusion de
Boccard, 1992), drawing on the papyrological evidence. For Roman women under Ger-
manic rule, see Cooper, ‘Gender and the fall of Rome’, 197–8.
69 See Virginia Burrus, Begotten, Not Made: Conceiving Manhood in Late Antiquity (Stanford: Stan-
ford University Press, 2000); for Kate Cooper, Christianization also implies a redefi nition
of earlier ideals of Roman manliness, with the household as the locus of gender challenges
to both men and women; see Cooper, ‘Gender and the fall of Rome’; ead., ‘Approaching
the holy household’, Journal of Early Christian Studies 15 (2007), 131–42.
70 Shaun Tougher, ed., Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond (London: Duckworth, 2002); Kathryn
Ringrose, The Perfect Servant. Eunuchs and the Social Construction of Gender in Byzantium (Chicago,
Ill; University of Chicago Press, 2003).
71 For some publications specifi cally directed at this fi eld, see e.g. Michael Grünbart, Ewald
Kislinger, Anna Muthesius and Dionysios Stathakopoulos, eds., Material Culture and Well-
being in Byzantium (400–1453) (Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissen-
schaften, 2007); Luke Lavan, Ellen Swift and Toon Putzeys, eds., Objects in Context, Objects
in Use. Material Spatiality in Late Antiquity, Late Antique Archaeology 5 (Leiden: Brill, 2007);
some studies focus on particular aspects, though not from a material culture perspective,
e.g. Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Scenting Salvation: Ancient Christianity and the Olfactory Imagination
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006); B. Caseau, ‘Christian bodies: the senses and
early Byzantine Christianity’, in Liz James, ed., Desire and Denial in Byzanrtium, Publications of
the Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies 6 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999), 101–10.
72 Above, n. 9, and cf. also Leslie Brubaker and John Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (c.
680–850). The Sources: An Annotated Survey (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001).
73 Cf. the controversial work of A. Gell, Art and Agency: an Anthropological Theory (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1998), with Robin Osborne and Jeremy Tanner, eds., Art’s Agency and Art
History (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007).
NOTES TO CHAPTER 6