74 See Averil Cameron, Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire, esp. chap. 6; Brown, Power and
Persuasion in Late Antiquity, chap. 4.
7 Urban change and the late antique countryside1 For discontinuity: C. Mango, Byzantium. The Empire of New Rome (London: Weidenfeld and
Nicolson, 1980), chap. 3, ‘The disappearance and revival of cities’, with bibliography at
310–11; W. Brandes, Die Städte Kleinasiens im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert (Berlin: Akademie Verlag,
1989); see now Helen Saradi, ‘Towns and cities’, in Elizabeth Jeffreys, with John Haldon
and Robin Cormack, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies (Oxford: Oxford Univer-
sity Press, 2008), 317–27; ead., The Byzantine City in the Sixth Century: Literary Images and His-
torical Reality (Athens: Society of Messenian Archaeological Studies, 2006), with the review
by L. Lavan, ‘What killed the ancient city? Chronology, causation and traces of continuity’,
Journal of Roman Archaeology 22 (2009), 803–12, with Ine Jacobs, The Classical City in Late
Antiquity (Leuven: Peeters, 2010). For cities in the Near East see further below.
2 All such fi gures have their problems: for a succinct survey of current thinking on popula-
tion size and demography from the fourth to seventh centuries see Dionysios Stathakopou-
los, ‘Population, demography and disease’, in Jeffreys, with Haldon and Cormack, eds., The
Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies, 309–16, at 309–11.
3 Fourth-century Antioch is one case where we have the evidence to see this relation in
action: see the study by J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Antioch. City and Imperial Administration in
the Later Roman Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972). For Antioch in later peri-
ods, see G. Downey, A History of Antioch in Syria (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1961), with J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz and H. Kennedy, ‘Antioch and the villages of north-
ern Syria in the fi fth and sixth centuries AD: trends and problems’, Nottingham Medieval
Studies 23 (1988), 65–90 (reprinted in J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, From Diocletian to the Arab
Conquest (London: Variorum, 1990), XVI); id., ‘The view from Antioch: from Libanius
via John Chrysostom to John Malalas and beyond’, Cristianesimo nella Storia 31 (2009),
441–70. Another example is the less well-known site of Sagalassos: see H. Vanhaverbeke,
F. Martens and M. Waelkens, ‘Another view on late antiquity: Sagalassos (SW Anatolia),
its suburbium and its countryside in late antiquity’, in A.G. Poulter, ed., The Transition to
Late Antiquity on the Danube and Beyond (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British
Academy, 2007), 611–48.
4 J. Lefort, C. Morrisson and J.P. Sodini, Les villages dans l’empire byzantin, IVe-XVe siècle (Paris:
Lethielleux, 2005); M. Kaplan, Byzance: villes et campagnes (Paris: Éditions Picard, 2006).
5 See the useful collection of studies in William Bowden, Luke Lavan and Carlos Machado,
eds., Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside, Late Antique Archaeology 2 (Leiden: Brill,
2003).
6 Good discussion by A.G. Poulter, ‘The transition to late antiquity’, in Poulter, ed., The
Transition to Late Antiquity in the Danube and Beyond, 1–50, at 41–6.
7 T. Potter, The Changing Landscape of South Etruria (London: Elek, 1979).
8 P. Leveau, Caesarea de Maurétanie: une ville romaine et ses campagnes (Rome: École français de
Rome, 1984). Another region which has benefi ted from archaeological survey work is Kas-
serine in modern Tunisia.
9 See J. Bintliff, ‘The contribution of regional survey to the late antiquity debate: Greece in
its Mediterranean context’, in Poulter, ed., The Transition to Late Antiquity on the Danube and
Beyond, 649–78.
10 G. Tchalenko, Villages antiques de la Syrie du nord, I–III (Paris: P. Geuthner, 1953–58); see
G. Tate, Les campagnes de la Syrie du Nord du IIe au VII siècle: un exemple d’expansion démographique
et économique à la fi n de l’antiquité (Paris: P. Geuthner, 1992); J.-M. Dentzer, ed., Le Hauran
I (Paris: P. Geuthner, 1985–86), II (Beyrouth: Institut Français d’Archéologie du Proche-
Orient, 2003). On this debate, see Bintliff, art. cit., 654–57; C. Foss, ‘The Near Eastern
countryside in late antiquity’, in J.H. Humphrey, ed., The Roman and Byzantine Near East:
NOTES TO CHAPTER 6