tators,theiradversary’sarmyandleadershipsystemwasadvantageous.Thedis-
ciplineoftheJanissarieswasseenassuperiortotheownmaraudingmercenary
Landsknechtarmies.¹⁹TheEuropeanadmirationfortheOttomanarmy’selite
corpscontinued.In 1670 theAustrianGeneralMontecuccolievenproposedtoes-
tablishmilitaryschoolsacrosstheentireHabsburgEmpiresimilartotheJanis-
sarytrainingfacilities.²⁰HealsoarguedfortheimplementationoftheOttoman
supplysystemandforareformoftheownimperialcavalrytocounterthelight
andmobileOttomansipahiriders.²¹Intheensuingperiod,theAustrianandlater
theGermancavalryequipmentalsobegantoshowmanyinfluencesfromtheOt-
tomanhorseandridersgear.TheHussar’suniform,withitsdolmanjacketsdec-
oratedwithbreastlacingandtheiconickalpakfurcap,followedOttomanuni-
formpatterns.ThenameoftheGermanUlanlancerswasevenderivedfrom
theOttomantermoğlan,i.e.theunderageboysselectedforserviceintheJanis-
sarycorps.²²Butalsointermsoftechnicaltransfers,theconfrontationsofthe
OttomansandtheEuropeanpowerswerefruitfulforthedevelopmentofEurope-
anmilitaryknowledge.ThesiegeofCrete( 1667 – 166 9)andthedeploymentofthe
OttomanhumbaracısappersinspiredVauban,theFrenchfortressarchitect,in
histreatisesonsiegeandminewarfare.MinewarfarebasedonOttomanprinci-
pleswasalsoapplicabletotheFrenchandGermanarmyuntil 191 4.²³
EspeciallyafterthefailedsecondsiegeofViennain 168 3,theOttomanarmy
hadlostitsthreateningcharacter.Bytheendofthe 17 thcentury,thearchenemy
ontheothersideoftheriverRhinehadtakentheplaceofthe‘Turks’,thusful-
fillingmobilizingpurposes.InmanyGermanprincipalities,theintegrationof
militarycustomsoftheformerarchenemyofChristendomintotheirownmilitary
OntheownculturalcritiqueandthepraisefortheOttomanmilitarydisciplinecf.Carl
Göllner,DieTürkenfrageinderöffentlichenMeinungEuropasim16.Jahrhundert(Baden-Baden:
ValentinKoerner, 1978 ), 291 – 298 ;Ralston,ImportingtheEuropeanArmy,44.
HansSturmberger,“DasProblemderVorbildhaftigkeitdestürkischenStaatswesensim 16.
und 17 .JahrhundertundseinEinflußaufdeneuropäischenAbsolutismus,”inXIIeCongrèsIn-
ternationaldesSciencesHistoriques,ed.ComitéInternationaldesSciencesHistoriques,vol. 4
(Horn,Wien:FerdinandBerger&Söhne, 196 5), 20 6.
PhilippeRoy,“L’InfluencedesConflitsentrelesArméesOrientalesetEuropéennessurl’Art
delaGuerre,”inGuerresetPaixenEuropeCentraleauxÉpoquesModerneetContemporaine:Mél-
angesd’HistoiredesRelationsInternationalesoffertsàJeanBérenger,ed.DanielTollet(Paris:
Pressesdel’UniversitédeParis-Sorbonne,2003), 288 – 28 9.
FranzGall,“TürkischeEinflüsseaufdasäußereBildderkaiserlichenArmee,”inÖsterreich
unddieTürken,ed.LandesarchivBurgenland(Eisenstadt:SelbstverlagderBurgenländischen
Landesregierung, 19 72), 133 – 135 ;WalterTransfeldt,WortundBrauchinHeerundFlotte,9th
ed.(Stuttgart:Spemann,1986), 22 1.
Roy,“L’InfluencedesConflits,” 291 – 29 2.
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